tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4625370541972310222024-03-12T19:34:19.553-07:00The Kith and Kin ChroniclesE. Cunninghamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10093850882638921077noreply@blogger.comBlogger59125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462537054197231022.post-75152333998961797982017-04-25T18:05:00.002-07:002017-09-18T16:37:17.970-07:00Robert Stewart, 1st Earl of Orkney and Lord of Shetland<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Robert Stewart (1553-1593)</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Robert Stewart, Earl of Caithness and Orkney (1553-93), was a natural son of King James V
of Scotland by Euphemia Elphinstone (b. 1509), daughter of Alexander, 1<sup>st</sup>
Lord Elphinstone. He was half-brother to Mary, Queen of Scots (1542-1587), and
to James Stewart, Earl of Moray (1531-70), a prominent figure in Scotland’s Protestant
cause.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Young Robert was raised with three other illegitimate (but
acknowledged) sons of James V: James senior, son of Elizabeth Shaw; James <i>secundus </i>(the future earl of Moray), son of Margaret Erskine; and
John, son of Elizabeth Carmichael.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-UoElMI6MTXU/WP1sy_EBNMI/AAAAAAAABRE/qmDaI6u7naMrObF-tklqWM5nhTmy_f3tQCLcB/s1600/Holyrood%2BAbbey.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-UoElMI6MTXU/WP1sy_EBNMI/AAAAAAAABRE/qmDaI6u7naMrObF-tklqWM5nhTmy_f3tQCLcB/s200/Holyrood%2BAbbey.jpg" width="155" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Ruins of Holyrood Abbey</span></b></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">On December 30, 1534, Pope Clement VII agreed that the boys could be trained for careers in the Church, despite the circumstances of
their birth. Therefore, on August 18, 1539, shortly before his sixth birthday,
Robert was named the commendator of Holyrood Abbey, which had an annual income of £5,600, making it the fifth richest monastic foundation in Scotland. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In June 1540, he
joined his half-brothers at St. Andrews, probably to begin his education (2-5).
</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Then, in 1548, the three of them were
sent to France to be educated, probably under the tutelage of the famed French
humanist, Peter Ramus. He traveled to France with his half-sister, the princess
Mary, who was betrothed to Francis, the dauphin of France. Robert returned to
Scotland in 1557. (8)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Protestant Reformer, John Knox, returned to Scotland
from exile in the winter of 1555-56. By this time, Robert’s father had been
killed at the Battle of Flodden, and the power of the Crown rested in James’s
queen, Mary of Guise, an ardent Catholic and regent of Scotland during the
minority of her daughter, Mary, Queen of Scots. Through his half-brother James <i>secundus</i> (later 1<sup>st</sup> earl of
Moray), Robert was drawn to the Protestant faction. Present at parliament in
November 1557, he probably played no serious role in the undertakings of the
Lords of the Congregation, a group of Scottish Protestant noblemen, led by his
brother James, who were arrayed against the queen regent. Stewart was at times
present at gatherings of the Congregation, and though he did not play a major
role, was in attendance when the Lords entered Edinburgh in 1559 to oppose the Catholic Scots and their French allies. When the French made a show of force, however, a number
of the supporters of the Lords of the Congregation fled, and at this time
Robert was put in charge of the counter-attack, though he submitted to the
regent shortly after (9-10).</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">When
James Hamilton, 3<sup>rd</sup> earl of Arran, was tried for treason for his
role with the Congregation, Stewart, siding with the regent, gave testimony
against him, yet when the English invaded in March, Robert, perhaps seeing a
renewed rise in Protestant power, wavered again and bolted to their side,
signing the Treaty of Berwick between the English and the Lords of the
Congregation on May 10. Though Robert’s vacillation may have been more political
than religious in intent, he did renounce Catholicism at parliament in August. This
vacillation is what biographer Peter D. Anderson called signs of Stewart’s “undoubted
untrustworthiness” (10-11).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-w-baw_oJuLg/WP7DcLVQsSI/AAAAAAAABSg/YFb094bUPtMAffJhrooEn8NzNhRm60lSACLcB/s1600/Mary%2BQueen%2Bof%2BScots.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-w-baw_oJuLg/WP7DcLVQsSI/AAAAAAAABSg/YFb094bUPtMAffJhrooEn8NzNhRm60lSACLcB/s200/Mary%2BQueen%2Bof%2BScots.jpg" width="146" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Mary, Queen of Scots</span></b></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The political landscape changed in 1560 and 1561.
First, the queen regent died in June, and Mary, now Queen of Scots, was
suddenly widowed in December of the same year. Upon her return to Scotland in January 1561,
she landed at Leith, where Robert Stewart was, at first, the only Scottish
noble present to greet her. As Mary settled in, Lord James,
though a staunch Protestant, did not object to the presence of her priests and
asked Robert and their half-brother John to see to the protection of the
priests, but a few weeks later one of them was beaten by one of Robert’s
servants (42). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">James Stewart, a forceful and competent man, was made
1<sup>st</sup> Earl of Moray in January 1561-2, and Anderson avers that Robert
stood always somewhat in the shadow of James and their other brother John (42).
Even so, Robert remained prominent at
court and is known to have participated in festivities in November 1561 when he
agreed to join a “ride at the ring.” Robert, as it turned out, led the winning
team, who were all dressed as women, against Mary’s uncle of Guise, Rene
d’Elboeuf, who were dressed as “strangers in fancy dress” (Fraser 214).
Robert’s relationship with Mary was a warm one. He offered her the gift of a
horse, and she showered him with lavish garments of velvet, silk, and taffeta,
and other gifts from the treasury (Anderson 43). Though the queen showed trust
in Robert by employing him in various errands on her behalf, she never gave him
a title, though she did grant him lordships, lands, and the sheriffdom of
Aberdeen. More importantly, in December 1564, he was granted infeftment of the
lands of Orkney and Shetland (44, 47).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-qZJ0b8OxTfA/WP1uDow7-YI/AAAAAAAABRU/XiK-OKLRHWwEnYmzdVV7KLfBKLfcM0LpACLcB/s1600/Henry%2BStewart%252C%2BLord%2BDarnley.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-qZJ0b8OxTfA/WP1uDow7-YI/AAAAAAAABRU/XiK-OKLRHWwEnYmzdVV7KLfBKLfcM0LpACLcB/s200/Henry%2BStewart%252C%2BLord%2BDarnley.jpg" width="153" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley</span></b></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">When Mary made known her interest in marrying her
first cousin Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, it was Robert who greeted the
nineteen-year-old dandy at Holyrood and hosted him for three days in February
1565. Despite their age difference (Robert was now 30), the two developed a
friendship, and, along with Darnley’s father, Lord Lennox, gained a reputation
for being the “greatest enemies of all virtue,” as English diplomat Thomas
Randolph put it, adding that Robert was “vain and nothing worth, a man full of all evil,
the whole guider and ruler of my Lord Darnly [sic]” (45).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">On the same day that the wedding banns for Mary and
Lord Darnley were announced, May 10, 1565, Darnley, having been made Duke of
Albany, then knighted Robert Stewart. Being close to Darnley, however, did not
long prove to be an advantage, as the queen’s original happiness with Darnley
had soured by early 1566. In March, Lord Robert was seated with the queen and
her Italian secretary David Rizzio, when Darnley and his followers burst into
Mary’s chamber and murdered the man. Though present, Robert is deemed not to
have been involved in the plot. After this, his relationships with both Darnley
and Mary cooled, and he was not present at court for several months (47-49).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">A year later, he may have been aware of Mary’s plot to
assassinate Darnley, however. Though Lord Robert was not complicit, George
Buchanan, writing in 1827, stated unequivocally that Robert knew of the
conspiracy and, “moved by the atrocity of the action, or by pity for the youth,”
warned the king of the queen’s plans for him. Darnley, “according to his
custom,” says Buchanan, immediately reported Robert’s communication to the
queen. When confronted, Robert “firmly denied it, when each giving the other
the lie, they drew their swords.” Though no violence occurred that night,
on the night of February 10, 1567, Darnley was assassinated (Buchanan 2:491).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-SJ9QzDNAzxg/WP1usOqty6I/AAAAAAAABRc/LfpHfVKEYnUpRV_EMhYUdetKg4Hw-dVMACLcB/s1600/James%2BHepburn%2B4th%2BEarl%2BBothwell.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-SJ9QzDNAzxg/WP1usOqty6I/AAAAAAAABRc/LfpHfVKEYnUpRV_EMhYUdetKg4Hw-dVMACLcB/s200/James%2BHepburn%2B4th%2BEarl%2BBothwell.jpg" width="198" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell</span></b></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Events were moving quickly. First, the following May,
Mary took the lands of Orkney and Shetland away from Robert and gave them to her
lover James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell, whom she elevated to the title Duke of
Orkney just days before their marriage. Taken captive by Scottish peers who
disapproved of the murder of Darnley and the marriage to Bothwell, Mary
abdicated on July 24, 1567. At that time, Robert Stewart was inactive for about
three months; then, on November 4, he suddenly appeared in Kirkwall, capital of
Orkney, assumed the role of sheriff, and announced himself to be “feuar of the
lands and lordship of Orkney and Shetland” (51). This set off a feud between
Robert and Patrick Bellenden of Auchnoll, who had hitherto held the office of
sheriff there. The earl of Moray, who was acting as regent to the infant King
James VI, continued to trust in his brother, but, perhaps in response to
complaints by Bellenden, did not immediately recognize his claim to Orkney. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p><br /></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Lord Robert, however, continued to throw his weight
around and clashed with Adam Bothwell, Bishop of Orkney, forcing him to
exchange the temporalities of the see of Orkney for Stewart’s abbacy of
Holyrood House. The bishop described the arrangement, thus:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> <span lang="EN">“Lord Robert violentlie intruded
himself on his whole living, with bloodshed, and hurt of his servants; and after
he had craved justice, his and his servants' lives were sought in the verie
eyes of justice in Edinburgh, and then was constrained, of meere necessitie, to
tak the abbacie of Halyrudhous, by advice of sundrie godlie men” (DNB 5:444). </span></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">St Magnus Cathedral, Kirkwall</span></b></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #444444; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Stewart
quickly earned a reputation on Orkney for being a conniver who would stop at
nothing to get what he wanted. An example of this is provided in a violent
clash inside St. Magnus Cathedral in February 1568 when one Robert Brown, a
servant of Lord Robert’s, did not leave the cathedral grounds after prayer but
began to climb up on top of the cathedral’s arches. The bishop’s men shouted at
him to come down, and, offended, Brown re-entered the cathedral and complained
to Lord Robert’s men, who then went outside to quibble with the bishop’s men.
Seeing them approach, one of the bishop’s men shot Brown in the head, killing
him instantly. Robert’s men then returned to the cathedral and evened the
score, as they might have said, by killing two of the bishop’s men, one of whom
was kin to Patrick Bellenden. Lord Robert was not present at the time, and at
first maintained that he had no part in the assault and sincerely regretted
what his men had done in his name. However, some weeks later he admitted that
he had planned all along to take the church in an effort to prove to Bishop
Bothwell that he was in Orkney to stay. Perhaps in atonement for the killing
Bellenden’s kinsman, Stewart bestowed the bailiary of Kers on Bellenden, though
the peace between them was always tentative (Anderson 57-58).</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 107%;">For the next few
years, Robert endeavored to consolidate his authority in the Northern Islands,
mainly by confiscating lands and offices and handing them over into the keeping
of his family members and friends. As for the inhabitants of Orkney, he
undertook to arrange matters so that, to quote the old song, “They owed their
souls to the company store,” or to put it in medieval terms, he “was
establishing a quasi-feudal overlordship by taking the land on a
pretext—charges of witchcraft and suicide occur as well as of theft and
unauthorized departure from the islands—and then re-granting it to the same
persons or close relatives,” who would then be beholding to Robert for their
livelihood (73). </span>Not long after his
arrival in the Isles, Lord Robert began building a palace at Birsay near the
old palace, long the residence of the bishops of Orkney, which he used as a
quarry for his stone. It appears to have been built in two stages. The first,
from 1569-75, saw the construction of a courtyard enclosed on three sides and
protected by a wall on the north side. The second phase, which may have been
undertaken by his son Patrick Stewart, saw the enclosure of the north side and
the removal of the wall (73-74).</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-afdEmjSZoP4/WP1wN5BZvRI/AAAAAAAABRw/MbAsTIdbfTQvrwoFKMWxJOVvuwnCsvArwCEw/s1600/Earl%2527s%2BPalace%2Bat%2BBirsay.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img border="0" height="192" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-afdEmjSZoP4/WP1wN5BZvRI/AAAAAAAABRw/MbAsTIdbfTQvrwoFKMWxJOVvuwnCsvArwCEw/s320/Earl%2527s%2BPalace%2Bat%2BBirsay.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Earl's Palace, Birsay</span></b></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">In December 1575,
Lord Robert’s position in Orkney was severely threatened when he was charged on
four counts of oppression and usurpation of the king’s authority. The most
serious charge, treason, was based on his offering Orkney and Shetland to the
Danish king, a proposition he had no authority to make, though he was probably
banking on the fact that Orkney had only belonged to Scotland for a little over
a century. He was probably motivated by the desire to become the earl of Orkney
under the authority of the Danish king, who declined, noting that Stewart was “</span><i style="font-size: 12pt;">scurra et praestigiator iprobissimus, Scotus
natione, fuit</i><span style="font-size: 12pt;">,” in other words, a scoundrel and a cheat (87). As a result
of the trial, Stewart was imprisoned first at Edinburgh castle, then in
Linlithgow Prison near Edinburgh, for two years. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">When released in
1577, Robert did not return immediately to Orkney but remained in Edinburgh,
attending council meetings and “networking,” as we would put it today. In
particular, he used his time there to cultivate a friendship with the young
king, who was now eleven years old. He returned to Orkney in 1580 but continued
to build his friendship with King James in 1581 when he once again visited Edinburgh (106).
Stewart had gained a reputation as a self-aggrandizer, so it is possible his
friendship with an impressionable boy, who was, after all, his nephew, was
calculated to win him his long-desired earldom, which he did, in fact, receive,
along with the lordship of Shetland, on August 28, 1581. A year later, an
anonymous essayist, purporting to describe the “present state, faction,
religion and power of the nobility of Scotland,” sounded the familiar refrain:
the Earl of Orkney was “a man dissolute in lyfe; lyttle sure to any faction; of
small zeale in religion” (108). Apparently, his two years in the tank had not
made him reflective on the direction of his life.</span></span></div>
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-EY5z8FdoeAE/WP1xWR6nl_I/AAAAAAAABR0/BpZUDR_DB7s4KosaQKtHBEnppSNiYqa3QCLcB/s1600/James%2BVI%2Bage%2B20.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-EY5z8FdoeAE/WP1xWR6nl_I/AAAAAAAABR0/BpZUDR_DB7s4KosaQKtHBEnppSNiYqa3QCLcB/s200/James%2BVI%2Bage%2B20.jpg" width="136" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">James VI, age 20</span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">He definitely
continued his oppression of the independent landowners on Orkney, and by 1586
the king, now twenty years old, was coming round to the consensus opinion of
Robert Stewart, for the French ambassador recorded that James “does not much
like the . . . Earl of Orkney, saying that he only serves his own ends” (111). No
doubt, James was to some extent stepping away from Earl Robert, who had placed
in his palace an inscription, in Latin, which, translated, read: “Robert
Stewart natural son of James V King of Scotland constructed this building,” one
possible implication being that Robert was calling himself the king! (114)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Orcadians
continued to bring their complaints to the king, and the earl began to feel the
pinch in 1587, when parliament turned the lands of his earldom and lordship
over to his foes, Sir Lewis Bellenden of Auchnoull, justice clerk, and John
Maitland of Thirlestane, the chancellor (112), and it became increasingly possible
that Orkney would once again be held directly by the king. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
</span><br />
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In 1589, two
maneuvers of the earl suggested, if not reform, at least a sense of
self-preservation. First, he granted Sir Lewis Bellenden the lands of Evie,
which his old enemy Patrick Bellenden had once desired, and, second, he married
his daughter Elizabeth to James Sinclair of Murkle, who was the uncle of
William, Master of Caithness, who had been supporting Bellenden and Maitland
against the earl (117).<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span>
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-KpPJdJ1InLI/WP6-t2QWppI/AAAAAAAABSU/7PqFGSpkCeojg8D2z3RJyAxGnPsroXS3gCLcB/s1600/Spanish_Galleon.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-KpPJdJ1InLI/WP6-t2QWppI/AAAAAAAABSU/7PqFGSpkCeojg8D2z3RJyAxGnPsroXS3gCLcB/s200/Spanish_Galleon.jpg" width="145" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Spanish Galleon</span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In the aftermath of
the Spanish Armada’s defeat by the English in 1588, Robert Stewart flirted a
bit with Spain, sometimes hosting Spaniards on Birsay. In July 1590, the earl “feasted”
Spaniards who had arrived in Orkney with three English ships they had taken off
Hartlepool in June. When they left, William Stewart, one of the earl’s
illegitimate sons, left with them, and participated in their attack on four
English fishing vessels off Fair Isle, one of the Shetland islands. These
vessels were taken to Kirkwall, where one of them was swapped with Earl Robert for
four cannon (124).</span><br />
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In 1589, the earl was
one of the commissioners appointed by the privy council of the kirk to execute
the acts against the Jesuits:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“Therefore the saids
<i>[sic]</i> Lords of our Secreit Counsell at the humble and earnest desire of the
Generall Assemblie of the kirk presentlie conveenned, have thought good,
concluded, and ordeanned that our said commissioun and acts foresaid sall be
putt in due and full executioun, by the persons respective after following,
givin in by them in roll within the liberteis, shirefdoms, stewartreis, and
bailliffereis, particularlie undermentiouned. They are to say the proveists and bailliffes
of everie citie and burgh, justicers and commissioners within the self and
liberteis of the same. And for the countrie to landwart, Robert Erle of Orkney,
within the bounds of our shirefdome of Orkney” (Calderwood 42). </span></span></blockquote>
</div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">
</span><br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Em6bDbaC1X4/WP_xSblfZ_I/AAAAAAAABS8/HYiCcBe-r3QNfXoKSeLTfkpHsnv4JAMMQCLcB/s1600/St%2BMagnus%2BCathedral%2Binterior.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Em6bDbaC1X4/WP_xSblfZ_I/AAAAAAAABS8/HYiCcBe-r3QNfXoKSeLTfkpHsnv4JAMMQCLcB/s200/St%2BMagnus%2BCathedral%2Binterior.jpg" width="150" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Interior, St. Magnus Cathedrdal</span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Of course, that he
carried out the duties required of all the earls really tells us little of the man’s
personal religious views (if any, for he seems to have been quite irreligious
all his life and was willing to turn whichever way the wind was blowing), and
upon his death on February 4, 1592, he was buried in the Stewart Aisle in St.
Magnus Cathedral, Kirkwall, according to the Roman Catholic ritual “with such
service as the rampant Calvinism of the day permit[ted].” (Hossack 51; Tudor 253)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Robert Stewart was married to Lady Janet Kennedy (1537-98), daughter of Gilbert Kennedy, 3rd Earl of Cassilis [pronounced "castles"]. They had ten children:</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Mary (1553-1644)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Henry (1566-90)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Patrick, 2nd Earl of Orkney (1568-1614)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Jean (1570-1642)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">John, Lord Kincleven, Earl of Carrick in Birsay (1576-1643)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">James (b. 1577)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Robert (b. 1578)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Barbara (b. 1580)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Christian (1580-1644)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Elizabeth (d. 1642)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span>
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> Works Cited</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span>
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><br />
</span></span><br />
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0px 0px 11px;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Anderson, Peter D. </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Robert Stewart: Earl of Orkney, Lord of
Shetland, 1533-1593.</span></i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> Edinburgh, John Donald, 1982.</span></span></div>
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0px 0px 11px;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Buchanan, George. </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The History of Scotland</span></i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">. Vol. 2.
Glasgow: 1827.</span></span></div>
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0px 0px 11px;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Fraser, Antonia. </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Mary Queen of Scots.</span></i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> New York: Dell, 1969.</span></span></div>
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">
</span>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0px 0px 11px;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Hossack, Buckham Hugh. </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Kirkwall in the Orkneys</span></i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">. Kirkwall,
William Peace, 1900.</span></span></div>
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0px 0px 11px;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Leslie, Stephen. </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Dictionary of National Biography</span></i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">. Vol.
5. London: 1886.</span></div>
</span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0px 0px 11px;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0px 0px 11px;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; margin: 0px;"><span style="margin: 0px;"> </span>© Eileen Cunningham, 2017</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0px 0px 11px;">
<br /></div>
</span><div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0px 0px 11px;">
<a href="http://www.geneabloggers.com/" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Geneabloggers</span></a></div>
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E. Cunninghamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10093850882638921077noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462537054197231022.post-36067688250427397372016-01-30T19:27:00.000-08:002017-09-18T16:27:25.102-07:00Somerled, King of the Isles and Man<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DHbS8udCjzg/VqBpxjaKzXI/AAAAAAAABME/Zt-70WSVe6U/s1600/Somerled%2B2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DHbS8udCjzg/VqBpxjaKzXI/AAAAAAAABME/Zt-70WSVe6U/s320/Somerled%2B2.jpg" width="211" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><i>Note: The name for the Isle of Man is spelled variously as </i></span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 18.6667px; line-height: 21.4667px;">“</span><i style="font-family: garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Man</i><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 18.6667px; line-height: 21.4667px;">” </span><i style="font-family: garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">and </i><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 18.6667px; line-height: 21.4667px;">“</span><i style="font-family: garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Mann.</i><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 18.6667px; line-height: 21.4667px;">”</span><i style="font-family: garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> I have elected to use the former in this essay.</i><br />
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><i><br /></i></span>
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Consider Scottish history in the shape of an hour glass,
and name the narrow “waist” in the center Somerled after the great medieval
hero of the Hebrides. The top globe of
the hour glass can then be considered Somerled’s Norse input; and the bottom globe, his Scottish output. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">For hundreds of years, scholars, antiquarians, and clan
historians have debated as to whether or not Somerled was Norse, Celtic, or a
mixture of the two. </span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">DNA testing for clans known to have descended from
Somerled—the MacDonalds, MacDougals, MacDonnells, MacRorys, and
MacAllisters—show that Somerled’s DNA was, in fact, Scandinavian.</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Somerled.docx#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">This has been a bitter pill for some to swallow—including me,
as I have long identified with Scotland by way of my Scottish mother—but I
think a Clan Donald writer has come to the proper conclusion: “No genetic discovery, or conclusions drawn from [the DNA
study], can change the millennia of our ancestors’ Celtic <i>culture</i>” [emphasis mine].<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Somerled.docx#_edn2" title="">[2]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Somerled.docx#_edn2" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">That said, my purpose here is not so much to
look at genetics or culture, but simply to look at Somerled from a historical
and genealogical point of view, since the man does show up on my family
tree. I must, however, remain humble
about the presence of the great hero on my tree, since Professor Bryan Sykes,
who did the DNA study, states that the “Genghis Khan effect” may be at play in Scotland’s
genetic history. Just as “a staggering
16 million” men alive today in Asia carry the Y-chromosome of the ancient Mongol
emperor,<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Somerled.docx#_edn3" name="_ednref3" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Somerled’s Y-chromosome is also shared by <i>many millions </i>of Scotsmen and their kin
who have migrated around the globe. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">I feel compelled to comment on Somerled’s name, as it also
has been the subject of much dispute. Before DNA testing came along, those who
argued about Somerled’s ancestry would ground their debate on the proper
understanding of his name—especially in view of the fact that the writers of ancient chronicles, sagas, and Latin histories
have left a tangled and confused mess for the rest of us. <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-l33OggzOpKk/Vq1awiWdq0I/AAAAAAAABNw/u-5pKGhStlM/s1600/Somerled.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="54" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-l33OggzOpKk/Vq1awiWdq0I/AAAAAAAABNw/u-5pKGhStlM/s200/Somerled.png" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Somerled's name in a Latin manuscript</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The Clan Donald writer explains that
the Gaelic spelling of the sea king’s name was <em>Somhairlidh, </em><em><span style="font-style: normal;">which, on the basis of spelling
alone, was romanized to </span></em><em>Somerledo
</em><em><span style="font-style: normal;">by the Latin writers of the Middle Ages</span></em><em>. </em><em><span style="font-style: normal;">He explains the</span></em><em> </em>pronunciation of the Gaelic name <em>Somhairlidh</em> would more correctly be
rendered in the Roman alphabet as <i>Sorley </i>and
further insists that both the spelling and the principles of Gaelic
pronunciation prove that the name is clearly Celtic, not Norse. Indeed, some today do write the man’s name as <i>Somhairle</i>, to account for this
pronunciation of the last syllable. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">On the other hand, in 1912, someone writing for
those with Scandinavian interests
asserted unequivocally, “The name Somerled is Norse. Sumarlidi [in Old Norse, </span><span style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sumarliði] </span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">means “summer slider”—i.e., Viking
but from a nickname; it had become a regular personal name at least a hundred
years before our hero was born.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Somerled.docx#_edn4" name="_ednref4" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Each of us must decide, I suppose, which
interpretation to embrace.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-UMGpaJya8a0/Vq1bKTcYC8I/AAAAAAAABOA/-hoWX8Q9iPk/s1600/Norwegian%2Barea.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="146" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-UMGpaJya8a0/Vq1bKTcYC8I/AAAAAAAABOA/-hoWX8Q9iPk/s320/Norwegian%2Barea.png" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Since this story involves a lot of Norwegians
and Celts roaming around and fighting in the northern seas, a quick look at a
map of the region is in order. The Isle
of Man is located in the Irish Sea between England and Ireland, while the
Hebrides are located to the north of Ireland and to the west of Scotland. The
Orkney Isles are located north of Scotland and west of Norway. Imagine yourself sailing west from Norway in
a Viking longboat on a somewhat gamma-shaped route (┌). This sea path would lead you westward between
the Orkneys and Scotland until you turned south and sailed down the west coast
of Scotland past the Hebrides to Ireland and the Isle of Man. It is this route that was the major conduit
for Norse adventurers in the Early Middle Ages. </span></div>
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</div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The Hebrides first became an object of Norse ambition
in 794 with the Viking raids on Iona and Skye. Then, in 872, Harald Fairhair, who had been
warring with other Scandinavians, managed to take control of all Norway. This may have made Harald happy, but his
Scandinavian enemies were forced to flee to the west, where they settled in Scotland
and the isles. When these folks later took
to raiding their old stomping grounds, Harald Fairhair tried to put a stop to
their high jinx by taking control of Orkney and the Hebrides himself. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-_14d2WQ43N0/Vq2DrCesHFI/AAAAAAAABPI/t5enoG6ilLI/s1600/Magnus%2BI%2Bmen.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-_14d2WQ43N0/Vq2DrCesHFI/AAAAAAAABPI/t5enoG6ilLI/s200/Magnus%2BI%2Bmen.jpg" width="183" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Men of King Magnus in Ireland</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">His mistake was in returning to Norway,
allowing his enemies to re-gain their foothold there. Harald then sent a fellow known by the
colorful name of Kettil Flatnose to hold the islands on his behalf, though
whether Kettil had lasting control is a matter of debate. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">About a century later, in 1098, Norway’s King
Magnus III also responded to the siren call of power in the western islands in
the Irish Sea. After subduing them, he took
Orkney on his way back to Norway. These victories ultimately forced King Edgar
of Scotland to recognize Magnus as King of the Isles, officially ceding
Scotland’s claim to the islands to Norway at long last. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">This brings us close to the time of Somerled’s
birth, which scholars believe was in 1113 or thereabouts. Constant warfare had long plagued the
Hebrides, and at the time Somerled came to manhood, things were no
different. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Somerled’s father, Gillebride, is traditionally
considered by the Scots to be a valorous Gael working tirelessly to throw off
the rule of the Norse in the Isles. Before Somerled’s birth, however,
Gillebride had fled to the mainland, seeking refuge from the Norse on Morvern,
a peninsula in Argyll. Since Gillebride’s
name comes down to us as <i>Gillebride na
h-uaimh </i>(Gillebride of the Caves), he is naturally considered to have been
hiding out in the caves that abound in the area, in much the same way as St. Columba had once inhabited the Keil Caves in the same region.<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/--GkD_2lF3eQ/Vq1bzjjSvUI/AAAAAAAABOI/6eUaJvOmrtA/s1600/Keil%2BCaves%2BArgyll.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="214" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--GkD_2lF3eQ/Vq1bzjjSvUI/AAAAAAAABOI/6eUaJvOmrtA/s320/Keil%2BCaves%2BArgyll.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Keil Cave</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">At this time in his life, Somerled was yet
untroubled by the life of a warrior king. As an ancient chronicle put it, he
was “a well-tempered man in body, shapely, of a fair and piercing eye, of
middle stature and quick discernment. . . . His looking glass was the stream;
his drinking cup the heel of his shoe; he would rather spear a salmon than
spear a foe; he cared more to caress the skins of seals and otters than the
shining hair of women. At present, he was as peaceful as a torch or beacon
unlit. The hour was coming when he would be changed, when he would blaze like a
burnished torch or a beacon on a hilltop against which the wind is blowing.</span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 18.6667px; line-height: 21.4667px;">”</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Somerled.docx#_edn5" style="font-family: garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" title="">[5]</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The hour the chronicler predicted arrived in
1153. Few details are known regarding
how Somerled was roused from his halcyon days, but the <i>Chronicle of Holyrood</i>
records that on November 6 of that year, “Sumerled [<i>sic</i>], and his nephew, that is to say, the sons of Malcolm, having
taken to themselves many associates, rebelled against king Malcolm, and caused
grievous disturbances over the greater part of Scotland.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Somerled.docx#_edn6" name="_ednref6" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">So, what was that all about? </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Scotland’s king, David I, had naturally
considered that his son Henry, Earl of Northumberland, would become the next
king of Scots. However, Henry died about
a year before his father, causing David to name his grandson as his successor,
and this lad took the throne as Malcolm IV at age twelve in 1153. This is the “king Malcolm” named in the
chronicle. <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Lukp1vEFAjo/Vq195arhUDI/AAAAAAAABOU/dU09Ve7D9u4/s1600/David%2BI%2BMalcolm%2BIV.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="245" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Lukp1vEFAjo/Vq195arhUDI/AAAAAAAABOU/dU09Ve7D9u4/s320/David%2BI%2BMalcolm%2BIV.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">David I and Malcolm IV</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">So, who was the other Malcolm, and what were
his sons up to? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The other Malcolm was Malcolm MacEth, an
illegitimate son of King Alexander I (b. 1097).
He had married a sister of Somerled, which, of course, made the two
brothers-in-law. Now, as the son of Alexander I, he was the nephew of King
David I (c. 1083-1153), and David had never taken kindly to his illegitimate
nephew. Someone with royal blood was
always a potential threat to the ruling monarch in the Middle Ages. Malcolm
MacEth, though illegitimate, would naturally have thought himself the rightful
heir to the throne upon Alexander’s death, while David, viewing Malcolm
through the cold eyes of the law, considered himself the rightful and <i>legitimate</i> heir of his brother
Alexander. In 1134, David captured
Malcolm MacEth and imprisoned him at Roxburgh Castle. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-94dDzUITk1M/Vq1-I1oy26I/AAAAAAAABOc/fGyh4Fbwdmk/s1600/Roxburgh%2BCastle.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-94dDzUITk1M/Vq1-I1oy26I/AAAAAAAABOc/fGyh4Fbwdmk/s320/Roxburgh%2BCastle.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Reconstruction of Roxburgh Castle (15th century) by Andrew Spratt</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">As often happened amongst claimants to a medieval throne, Malcolm’s son, Donald MacEth, saw his
opportunity for revenge when King David died and a boy-king came to the
throne. This Donald was the nephew of
Somerled referenced in the <i>Chronicle of Holyrood</i>. He and Somerled rose up against King Malcolm late in 1153, as
the Chronicle states, and continued their campaign until
1156, when Somerled was embroiled in the affairs of the Isles. Donald was captured and imprisoned with his
father around this time, though 1157 found them all friends again when King
Malcolm released both of the MacEths from prison and made Malcolm MacEth the
first Earl (or Moramaer) of Ross.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">So, what was going on in the Isles at this
time?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ZjTIrqxBMCE/Vq2IqF4XsbI/AAAAAAAABPU/bFoX_7-Wnu8/s1600/Lewis%2BChessman%2B2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ZjTIrqxBMCE/Vq2IqF4XsbI/AAAAAAAABPU/bFoX_7-Wnu8/s200/Lewis%2BChessman%2B2.jpg" width="91" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Lewis chessman</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">1153 was not only the year when King David died; it was also the year that Olaf Godredsson, King of
the Isles, was killed. Olaf was the
youngest son of Godred Crovan, founder of the Crovan dynasty which held sway as
Norse kings of Man and the Isles from late in the eleventh century to about the
middle of the thirteenth century. Olaf
had two colorful nicknames: to the Scots, he was known as Olaf the Red; to the
Norwegians, Olaf Bitling (or, as they might put it on the rodeo circuit, Olaf
Little Bit—apparently he was short).
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Despite these affectionate names, he was not
able to forestall an uprising on the part of his own nephews. The <i>Chronicle of Man</i> narrates the tale:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<i><span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Three sons of Harold, the brother of Olave
[Olaf], who had been brought up in Dublin,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>assembling
a large body of men, and among them all the refugees from the dominions of
Godred, came to Man, and demanded from the king one half of the whole kingdom
of the Isles for themselves. The king having heard their application, and being
desirous to pacify them, answered that he would take advice on the subject.
When the day and place for holding a meeting had been agreed upon, these most
wicked men spent the interval in planning the death of the king. On the
appointed day both parties met at the port called Ramsey, and sat down in
order, the king and his followers on one side, and they with theirs on the
other. Reginald, the second brother, who was to give the fatal blow, stood
apart, speaking to one of the chiefs of the country. On being summoned to
approach the king, turning to him as if in the act of saluting, he raised his
gleaming battleaxe on high, and at a blow cut off the king’s head. As soon as
this atrocious act was perpetrated they divided the country between them.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Somerled.docx#_edn7" title="">[7]</a></span></b></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Somerled.docx#_edn7" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-qKKA_Mb3Ixk/Vq2DdgClYyI/AAAAAAAABPA/wL4YgSsc89I/s1600/Danish%2Blongboat.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-qKKA_Mb3Ixk/Vq2DdgClYyI/AAAAAAAABPA/wL4YgSsc89I/s200/Danish%2Blongboat.jpg" width="197" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Reconstruction of a Danish longboat</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">from this period</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<i><span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b></b></span></span></span></i><br />
<i><span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b></b></span></span></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">But this was not an end to the story. Vengeance was on the horizon, as it almost
always was among the warlords of the time. The chronicler continues:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<i><span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">In the following autumn Godred, his son, came
from Norway with five ships, and put in at the Orkneys. All the chiefs of the
Isles were rejoiced when they heard of his arrival, and assembling together,
unanimously elected him for their king. Godred then came to Man, seized the
three sons of Harold, and, to avenge his father’s murder, awarded them the
death they deserved. Another story is that he put out the eyes of two of them,
and put the third to death.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">While ruling as King of Man and the Isles,
Godred was asked by the Dublin men to come to be their king, which did not at
all please Murrough, King of Ireland.
Godred was able to triumph over
Murrough, then returned to Man, where, the chroniclers say, he grew rather full
of himself:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">When he now found himself secure on his throne,
and that no one could oppose him, he began to act tyrannically towards his
chiefs, depriving some of their inheritances, and others of their dignities. Of
these, one named Thorfinn, son of Oter, more powerful than the rest, went to
Somerled, and begged for his son Dugald, that he might make him king over the
Isles. Somerled, highly gratified by the application, put Dugald under the
direction of Thorfinn, who received and led him through all the islands,
subjecting them all to him, and taking hostages from each.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Once Godred got wind of
Somerled’s scheme, the fight was on. A
naval battle was prepared and fought, but matters came to a draw apparently, as
after only one day, Somerled and Godred agreed to divide the islands among
them. Now, the <i>Chronicle of Man</i>, which
serves as historians’ main source of information about the history of the
isles, was written by monks at Rushen Abbey, whose founder was Godred’s
father. Therefore, we can hardly be
surprised that the monk who wrote the account, perhaps a hundred years later,
clinched his narrative with this jab: </span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">“<i><span style="background: white;">Thus was the kingdom of the Isles ruined from the time the sons of
Somerled got possession of it.”<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Vplvsx1aZO4/Vq1_NVmMF2I/AAAAAAAABOk/3a2Jf-lVec4/s1600/Rushen%2BAbbey.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Vplvsx1aZO4/Vq1_NVmMF2I/AAAAAAAABOk/3a2Jf-lVec4/s320/Rushen%2BAbbey.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Rushen Abbey</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><i><span style="background: white;"><br /></span></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Ruined, indeed, for two short
years later, Somerled broke his truce with Godred, who fled to Norway, leaving Somerled
the undisputed King of Man and the Isles.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The next we hear of Somerled
in the chronicles is the narrative of his death. The <i>Chronicle of Melrose</i> reports, under the year 1164: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 18.6667px; line-height: 21.4667px;">“</span><i><span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Sumerled, the under-king of Eregeithel [i.e.,
Argyll], who had been in a state of wicked rebellion for twelve years against
his natural lord, Malcolm, king of Scotland, landed at Renfrieu [Renfrew], with
a large army which he had collected together in Ireland and various other
places.” </span></i><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Somerled.docx#_edn8" title="">[8]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Somerled.docx#_edn8" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span></span><i><span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">As before, we see that the monks don’t have
much favorable to say about Somerled. It
isn’t that the man was a pagan or an atheist.
There was church building and support for monasteries in his regions,
notably Saddell Abbey, a Cistercian center in Argyll (built probably by
Somerled’s son Ranald, though some say by Somerled himself). Moreover, his daughter Bethoc (Beatrix) was prioress of Iona, no small honor. Someone probably needs to undertake a study
of Somerled’s religious leanings by comparing the places he supported with the places
that seemed not to like the man at all. <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-bGwXjZuOd0o/Vq1_WbtQzII/AAAAAAAABOs/W0kWFJCMp3M/s1600/Saddell%2BAbbey.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-bGwXjZuOd0o/Vq1_WbtQzII/AAAAAAAABOs/W0kWFJCMp3M/s1600/Saddell%2BAbbey.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ruins of Saddell Abbey</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">At any rate, the story of Somerled’s demise was
written down in poetic form in “The Song of the Death of Somerled,” a Latin
poem written by a monk who identifies himself as William at the end of the
work. The poem is an account of the
Battle of Renfrew, which occurred in 1164, not far from Glasgow. Alex Woolf of the University of St. Andrews
has written a persuasive article which suggests that the first twenty-four
lines of the poem are actually a narrative of Somerled’s 1153 invasion,
depicting an attack on Glasgow in which Kentigern, the patron saint of the
city, is dishonored by the Isleman’s sack of the place.<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Somerled.docx#_edn9" name="_ednref9" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> If so, then we see the latter half of the
poem as St. Kentigern’s long-awaited vindication.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The poem tells how Herbert, bishop of Glasgow, “<i>venerable
and praiseworthy</i>,” hearing of Somerled’s return, “<i>at once spurned his bed, and
set out immediately on a journey, night and day, as if a young man . . . to
free and save himself from the hand of hateful Somerled, repulsive with fraud,
most savage of enemies.</i> . . .”<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Somerled.docx#_edn10" name="_ednref10" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-uu71_A9CDjU/Vq2CIJAp0XI/AAAAAAAABO4/4BJfSbeltcE/s1600/Walter%2BFitzAlan%2Bseal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-uu71_A9CDjU/Vq2CIJAp0XI/AAAAAAAABO4/4BJfSbeltcE/s320/Walter%2BFitzAlan%2Bseal.jpg" width="314" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Reproduction of Walter FitzAlan's Seal</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">It is known that Somerled had arrived with an
army of 15,000 in a flotilla of 160 Hebridean birlinns. King Malcolm’s army was
led by Walter FitzAlan, High Steward of Scotland, with Scoto-Norman knights and
men-at-arms. In the poem, however, Somerled is engaged by Bishop Herbert and his “innocent one hundred.” Somerled falls “in the first crack of battle .
. . wounded by a spear, felled by a sword.” With him falls his son,
Gillecallum. Though William’s statement
that “none of those fighting against them was killed or wounded” stretches
credulity, Somerled’s army did scatter once their leader’s death was
known. But William tells the ending best:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<i><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">And
so with the troops of the enemy driven off and mocked,<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<i><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">the
whole kingdom praised Kentigern with loud voices.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<i><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
cleric cut off the head of unhappy Somerled, and<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<i><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">gave
it into the hands of the bishop:<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<i><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">as
he was accustomed, he wept piously, when he saw<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<i><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">the
head of his enemy, saying that the Scottish saints should surely be praised.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<i><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">And
he delivered the victory to blessed Kentigern:<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<i><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hold
his memory always, and fittingly.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">With Somerled's head in Herbert's hand, the balance of the universe
had been restored, at least in the mind of the bishop and his beloved
Glaswegians. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It was a vicious age, and men both won their kingdoms and lost them through conquest. The Norse eventually re-established
themselves in Somerled’s territories, wresting control from his son Dugald, but
the history of Scotland became, in large part, the history of Somerled as so
many of Scotland’s great men have had their origins in him. Perhaps the great Scottish author Sir Walter
Scott conveys Scotland's memory of Somerled best in his poem, “Lord of the Isles,” set 150 years after the
fall of Somerled in the days of Robert the Bruce when Somerled’s descendant, Ronald,
is to be wed:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<i><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
heir of mighty Somerled!<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<i><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Ronald from many a hero sprung, <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<i><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
fair, the valiant, and the young,<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<i><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">LORD
OF THE ISLES, whose lofty name<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<i><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">A
thousand bards have given to fame, <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<i><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
mate of monarchs, and allied<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<i><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> On equal terms with England’s pride.—<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<i><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> From chieftain’s tower to bondsman’s cot,<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<i><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Who
hears the tale and triumphs not?<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Somerled.docx#_edn11" name="_ednref11" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">[11]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<br /></div>
<div>
<!--[if !supportEndnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<br />
<div id="edn1">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Somerled.docx#_ednref1" name="_edn1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <i>Saxons, Vikings, and Celts: The Genetic Roots
of Britain and Ireland</i>. New
York: Norton, 2006. 126. Web. 18 Jan. 2016.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn2">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Somerled.docx#_ednref2" name="_edn2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> “It Began with Somerled: Origins (Part 3).” <i>Clan Donald Heritage. </i>n.d. Web. 18 Jan. 2016.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn3">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Somerled.docx#_ednref3" name="_edn3" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <i>Saxons</i>. 126. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn4">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Somerled.docx#_ednref4" name="_edn4" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> R. L. B. “Somerled of the Hebrides.” <i>American Scandinavian. </i> Mar. 1912. 5.143. Web. 18 Jan. 2016.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn5">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.05pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Somerled.docx#_ednref5" name="_edn5" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
James
Henry Lee. <i>History of the Clan Donald, the
Families of MacDonald, McDonald and McDonnell</i>. New York: Polk, 1920. 15. <i>Google Books</i>. n.d. Web. 19 Jan. 2016. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn6">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Somerled.docx#_ednref6" name="_edn6" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i> The</i> <i>Chronicle
of Holyrood</i> in <i>The Church Historians
of England. </i>Trans. Joseph Stevenson.
London: Seeleys, 1853. 73. <i>Internet Archive. </i>24 July 2006. Web. 19
Jan. 2016. </span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn7">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Somerled.docx#_ednref7" name="_edn7" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <i>The Chronicle of Man and the Sudreys.</i> Ed.
P. A. Munch. Trans. Alexander Goss. Douglas: Manx Society, 1874. Web. 20 Jan.
2016. (Note: Some of the dates in the
chronicle were placed at 15 years or so before the actual date.)</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn8">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Somerled.docx#_ednref8" name="_edn8" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <i>The Chronicle of Melrose </i>in <i>The Church Historians of England. </i>Trans. Joseph Stevenson. London: Seeleys, 1853. 130. <i>Internet
Archive. </i>24 July 2006. Web. 30 Jan. 2016.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn9">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Somerled.docx#_ednref9" name="_edn9" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> “The Song of the Death of Somerled and the
Destruction of Glasgow in 1153.” <i>Academia.
</i>n.d. Web. 30 Jan. 2016.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn10">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Somerled.docx#_ednref10" name="_edn10" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> “Song of the Death of Somerled.” Trans. Helen Foxfall
Forbes. <i>Academia. </i>n. d. Web. 30 Jan.
2016.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn11">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Somerled.docx#_ednref11" name="_edn11" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <i>The Poems and Plays of Sir Walter Scott. </i>Ed.
Ernest Rhys. London: Dent, n.d. 2.297. 2
Apr. 2009. Web. 30 Jan. 2016.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
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<div id="edn1">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
(c) Eileen Cunningham, 2016<br />
<a href="http://www.geneabloggers.com/">www.geneabloggers.com</a></div>
</div>
</div>
E. Cunninghamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10093850882638921077noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462537054197231022.post-56814687298672192742015-12-14T15:14:00.003-08:002015-12-14T17:33:17.666-08:00Fathers Friday - John Lanham, the Immigrant (1661-1745)<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Gd8LKzNZX0Q/Vm826XzuchI/AAAAAAAABJ0/xcsYZ-A9SKU/s1600/Suffolk.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="220" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Gd8LKzNZX0Q/Vm826XzuchI/AAAAAAAABJ0/xcsYZ-A9SKU/s320/Suffolk.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The County of Suffolk with Wortham at the center of the<br />
northern border.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">John Lanham, the immigrant,
was born on May 18, 1661, in Wortham, England, which is located in the county
of Suffolk. He was the son of Jonathan
Lanham (1630-1725) and Mary Marsh Lanham (1632-1705). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The times were perilous. King Charles II, having returned from exile
on the continent, had been crowned less than a month before John Lanham’s
birth. Charles’s father, King Charles I,
had been executed by the Puritan Parliament in 1649, and in the intervening
years, the Puritan Oliver Cromwell had established a Commonwealth, making
England a republic rather than a monarchy.
Following Cromwell’s death, the Commonwealth could not be sustained, and
Charles’s son, with a heart bent on revenge, returned to England from exile on
the continent to restore the monarchy and establish religious uniformity,
requiring conformity to the Anglican Church.
The times were not propitious for the religious Dissenters of the
country.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-CfW8oQSo-DE/Vm84PN9-rSI/AAAAAAAABJ8/gUm8mceAC4E/s1600/Port%2BTobacco.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="140" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-CfW8oQSo-DE/Vm84PN9-rSI/AAAAAAAABJ8/gUm8mceAC4E/s200/Port%2BTobacco.png" width="200" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Little is known of John Lanham’s father or childhood, but
it is a matter of record that young John found his way to London and emigrated to the
New World as an indentured servant in 1678 at the age of only seventeen—not
even old enough to have graduated from high school had he been living today. He arrived in Port Tobacco, Maryland, on the
ship <i>Dover</i>, Captain John Harris
commanding, as a servant indentured to Col. Benjamin Rozier (variously spelled
as Rozer and Roser), who owned a plantation in Port Tobacco.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-qixS9PTt07w/Vm8959L3aII/AAAAAAAABKo/ZTKiMll2wY4/s1600/Indenture.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-qixS9PTt07w/Vm8959L3aII/AAAAAAAABKo/ZTKiMll2wY4/s200/Indenture.jpg" width="157" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">What exactly did it mean to be
an “indentured servant”? Persons who
lacked the financial resources to pay passage to America could make their way
to the New World by signing a contract, or indenture, with a landowner already
in the colonies, who would pay for the emigrant’s passage in exchange for his
or her agreement to work for a defined period (usually four to seven years)
without pay. During the period of
indenture, in exchange for their labor, the land owner provided his indentured
servants with food, clothing, housing, and the all-important training they
would need when they struck out on their own.
When their term of servitude was complete, they were free to go their
own way to fulfill their American dream of freedom and self-determination. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-H2qttFEa4p8/Vm89Qxh7X_I/AAAAAAAABKY/oT3EXJM13OE/s1600/Kidnapped.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-H2qttFEa4p8/Vm89Qxh7X_I/AAAAAAAABKY/oT3EXJM13OE/s200/Kidnapped.jpg" width="121" /></a><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">To undertake an indenture was,
to be sure, a risk, as life was harsh and uncertain, and persons striking out with
indenture in hand could not know if they would even survive long enough to gain
their freedom. As depicted in Robert
Louis Stevenson’s novel, <i>Kidnapped</i>,
some unfortunates were unwillingly indentured, so for John Lanham to go willingly is a sign of
a very strong desire to leave England. What might have motivated him to put himself into the service of another person in a foreign land for perhaps
up to seven years? A look at the times
in which he lived will give us a clue.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">With John Lanham’s location being Suffolk and the
year of his transportation to the New World, 1678, it is hard to neglect the
possibility that the Lanham family were religious <i>Nonconformists</i>, a term applied to those whose religious views departed
from the Church of England’s—folks such as Baptists, Congregationalists, and
Presbyterians. Suffolk had been the center of religious controversy
before, when the famous Puritan leader John Winthrop had left England for the
New World in 1630, twelve years before the beginning of the Civil War between
the Puritan Parliament and the Anglican (some would even say Catholic)
monarchy. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-X98Gp3JwwN0/Vm89rR6-NNI/AAAAAAAABKg/JE-BJ75pGuU/s1600/Charles%2BII%2B2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="198" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-X98Gp3JwwN0/Vm89rR6-NNI/AAAAAAAABKg/JE-BJ75pGuU/s200/Charles%2BII%2B2.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Coronation of Charles II, 1661</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Cromwell’s Protectorate was, of course, Puritan in
its outlook (meaning it wished the Reformation of the Church to continue in
order to “purify” it of all non-biblical elements of medieval
Catholicism). However, after Charles
II took the throne in 1661, the Restoration began, a period when
the philosophy “eat, drink, and be merry” was lived out at Charles’s
court, and many who sought to practice a more serious way of life looked toward
the New World as their hope for the future.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Whether John Lanham’s motivation was religious
freedom or an improvement in his economic condition, his decision to sign on
for service in Maryland, in particular, is perhaps explained by the fact that
his cousin, Josiah Lanham, had left for Maryland ten years earlier in
1668. Josiah settled in Kent County,
Maryland, and became a well-respected member of the community, marrying the
daughter of Major James Ringold and serving as a justice of the peace. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-K2wX8ZY200w/Vm87hLzaziI/AAAAAAAABKI/c1bygtBckuQ/s1600/Tobacco%2BHarvesting.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="158" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-K2wX8ZY200w/Vm87hLzaziI/AAAAAAAABKI/c1bygtBckuQ/s320/Tobacco%2BHarvesting.jpeg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Indentured servants harvesting tobacco in<br />
<i>Tobacco Production </i>by Sidney King</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Once the indentured servant had finished his
stipulated service, he would typically receive a new set of clothes along with
his “freedom dues,” a pre-arranged termination bonus which could be
land, money, or a gun. John Lanham may
have served a relatively short period of four years, as he appears in the
records in 1682 as a debtor to John Watkins of Anne Arundel County. Perhaps he had borrowed money as he set out
on his life of independence. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">This loan and his own hard work apparently paid
off as, by 1686, he was a cattle owner, which is known from the fact that he
registered his cattle mark (brand) in Charles (now Prince George’s) County. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-oqO_or9o8Ss/Vm8_0dik2tI/AAAAAAAABK4/ks3bwPW2MBI/s1600/17th%2Bcentury%2Bbride.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-oqO_or9o8Ss/Vm8_0dik2tI/AAAAAAAABK4/ks3bwPW2MBI/s200/17th%2Bcentury%2Bbride.jpg" width="90" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">17th-century Bride</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">With stability within sight, he married a woman
named Dorothy, and their first child, John, Jr., was born in 1690. Genealogists have been unable to determine Dorothy’s
surname with any certainty—some noting it as Burch (the name of a well-known Prince George’s
County family) and others, as Shaw. Dr.
Howard G. Lanham in his work <i>The Lanhams
of Maryland and the District of Columbia</i> favors the name Shaw for the
following reason<a href="file:///F:/Genealogy%20%20Blog/John%20Lanham%20the%20Immigrant.docx#_edn1" name="_ednref1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black; font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">On
March 19, 1710/1, John Lanham was a party to an agreement between Prince George’s
County resident Ralph Shaw, Sr., and the planter Edward Marlow, Sr., in which
Marlow agreed to provide life-long room
and board to Shaw and his wife, presumably an older couple who were seeking
retirement. In exchange for this room and board, Shaw signed over all his
personal belongings to Marlow. At the
same time, Shaw gave Lanham two cows and calves and half of all the grain
currently in his fields. Researcher Dr. Lanham believes that the equitable
division of his assets suggests that Ralph Shaw may have been the father-in-law
of both John Lanham and Edward Marlow.
Though this cannot be proved, it is probably as close as we can come to
identifying the family of Dorothy (or <i>Dorotha</i>,
as it appears in the records).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
children of John and Dorothy Lanham who survived to
adulthood included the following:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 208.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">1. John, Jr., (1690-1763) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">2. Richard (1697-1750)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">3. William (1699-1750)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">4. Ralph (1701-1742)
(twin?)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">5. Thomas (1701-1754)
(twin?)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">As the years passed after his marriage, John
Lanham continued to advance and prosper.<a href="file:///F:/Genealogy%20%20Blog/John%20Lanham%20the%20Immigrant.docx#_edn2" name="_ednref2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black; font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> </span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><b style="line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">1694: </span></b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;"> On October 3, he was able to purchase a tract
of 219 acres of land called Oxmontown, originally patented to Lanham and
another man named William Hutchinson.
However, on October 18, Hutchinson assigned the land to Lanham
alone. This tract was on the Piscataway
Branch (or Creek), on the north side of which a town called Lanhams is depicted
in a map of 1794, which is probably the same place of the current Lanham,
Maryland, an unincorporated community with a population of just over 10,000
people.<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-gEY4hZDSaSs/Vm9A6DDhliI/AAAAAAAABLA/30AzEZzZCjE/s1600/Prince%2BGeorge%2527s%2BCo%2BMap%2B2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="253" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-gEY4hZDSaSs/Vm9A6DDhliI/AAAAAAAABLA/30AzEZzZCjE/s400/Prince%2BGeorge%2527s%2BCo%2BMap%2B2.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Piscataway Creek with town of Lannhams just north (lower left quarter)<br />
from Map of the State of Maryland, 1794</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-E0mq1mQowmE/Vm9KnHfAqVI/AAAAAAAABLw/1G4lmGPKx3Q/s1600/John%2BLanham%2527s%2Bmark.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-E0mq1mQowmE/Vm9KnHfAqVI/AAAAAAAABLw/1G4lmGPKx3Q/s1600/John%2BLanham%2527s%2Bmark.jpg" /></a><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b>1696: </b>On April 10, he was asked to serve as witness to a deed, on which he made his characteristic mark (see at right). This request indicates that he was a man who had the respect of his neighbors.</span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin: 7.5pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 21.4667px;"><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif;"><b>1697: </b></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">In November, he recorded registered marks for
cattle and hogs on behalf of his sons.<a href="file:///F:/Genealogy%20%20Blog/John%20Lanham%20the%20Immigrant.docx#_edn3" name="_ednref3" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif;"><b>1699:</b> </span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">On May 15</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">, John, Sr., was the administrator
of the inventory of Michael Kersey of Prince George’s County, perhaps a
neighbor.</span><a href="file:///F:/Genealogy%20%20Blog/John%20Lanham%20the%20Immigrant.docx#_edn4" name="_ednref4" style="font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span></span></a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;"> In these last two documents, his
name is recorded as Lannum and Lennam, respectively, not uncommon in the era
before spelling was standardized and people wrote down what they thought they
heard.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif;"><b>1705:</b> </span></span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">On May 13, </span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">John Lanham, now age 44, was granted a patent for </span><i style="font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Lannin’s
Addition</i><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">,</span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 200 acres in
Prince George’s County, which had been assigned to him </span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">by Luke Gardner, Jr., on October 13, 1704. The
land adjoined </span><i style="font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Stony Harbor</i><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">.</span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
subsequent deeds that appear in the records of Prince George’s County show that
at the age of 52, John was beginning to transfer his property to his sons.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "symbol"; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><b>1713:</b></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">On September 22, John Lanham (now styled <i>Senior</i>) transferred the 100 acres of a
tract called <i>Lanham’s Addition</i> to his son, John Lanham, Jr., for “love
and affection.” Dorotha Lanham gave up dower rights to that property. About
three weeks earlier, the records show that John, Sr., had transferred a
100-acre tract simply called <i>Addition</i>
to his second son, Richard Lanham.
However, researcher Dr. Howard Lanham notes it is not clear if the <i>Addition</i> was
a different tract or the same one given the following September to John, Jr. No
other source mentions a Lanham-held tract simply called <i>Addition</i>. Four
years later, on November 16, 1717, <i>Lanham’s
Addition </i>was transferred to John, Jr., once again under the same terms: “for
love and affection” with Dorotha Lanham giving up her dower rights.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 21.4667px;"><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif;"><b>1729:</b> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">On May 3, John Lanham, Sr., transferred <i>Oxmontown</i>, 95 acres, to his son Richard
again for “love and affection” with Dorotha Lanham, wife of John Lanham, Sr.
giving up her dower rights.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b>1744:</b> On January 19,</span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;"> John Lanham, Sr., transferred the
remaining section of </span><i style="font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Oxmontown</i><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;"> to his son Richard.</span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">In this case, the term “for love and
affection” was specified, but there was no mention of his wife giving up her
dower rights. The deed also mentioned that 45 acres were reserved for William
Lanham, John Sr.’s, third son.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">John Lanham died in 1745 at the age of eighty-four. From the lot of a hungry lad of seventeen setting out on
rough seas to an uncertain future to the status of a prosperous landowner with a large family
and the respect of his community, John Lanham epitomizes the American ideal of
hard work, determination, and an upright life.
Interestingly, if he were buried near Lanham, Maryland, in Prince George’s
County, where his property was known to be, he lies interred just 19 miles
northeast of the resting place of his sixth great-grandson, Patric Levi Lanham
(1915-1954), a naval photographer of World War II who lies in Arlington
National Cemetery. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Robert Louis Stevenson</span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 18.6667px; line-height: 21.4667px; text-indent: -24px;">’</span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">s </span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 18.6667px; line-height: 21.4667px; text-indent: -24px;">“</span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Requiem</span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 18.6667px; line-height: 21.4667px; text-indent: -24px;">”</span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> seems to capture the family
bond:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">Under the wide and starry sky </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"> Dig the grave and let me lie:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">Glad did I live and gladly die,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"> And I laid me down with a will.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">This be the verse you </span></span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 18.6667px;">’grave for me:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 18.6667px;"> <i>Here he lies where he long</i></span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 18.6667px;">’</span><i style="font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 18.6667px;">d to be;</i></div>
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<i style="font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 18.6667px;"> And the hunter home from the hill.</i></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> (c) Eileen Cunningham, 2015 <a href="http://www.geneabloggers.com/">www.geneabloggers.com</a></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportEndnotes]--><br clear="all" />
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<a href="file:///F:/Genealogy%20%20Blog/John%20Lanham%20the%20Immigrant.docx#_ednref1" name="_edn1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> “Controversies
in Lanham Genealogy. Topic Three: Who Was the Wife of John Lanham?” <a href="http://www.angelfire.com/md3/howardlanham/controversies/controversy3.html">http://www.angelfire.com/md3/howardlanham/controversies/controversy3.html</a>
</div>
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<div id="edn2">
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<a href="file:///F:/Genealogy%20%20Blog/John%20Lanham%20the%20Immigrant.docx#_ednref2" name="_edn2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <span style="background: white;">The details in this section were
discovered by Dr. Howard G. Lanham and presented in <i>The Lanhams of Maryland and the District of Columbia. </i>For complete
documentation, see:</span><i> </i><a href="http://www.angelfire.com/md3/howardlanham/data/datalanhamj.html">http://www.angelfire.com/md3/howardlanham/data/datalanhamj.html</a></div>
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<a href="file:///F:/Genealogy%20%20Blog/John%20Lanham%20the%20Immigrant.docx#_ednref3" name="_edn3" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
This document is problematic in my opinion in that Dr. Lanham states that the
marks were made for John, Jr., Richard, and Thomas. However, Thomas was not born until 1701.</div>
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<a href="file:///F:/Genealogy%20%20Blog/John%20Lanham%20the%20Immigrant.docx#_ednref4" name="_edn4" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <i><span style="background: white;">1658-1758.</span></i><span style="background: white;"> <i>Charles County,
MD, Families “First 100 Years”: Wills, Court, Church, Land, Inventories, &
Accounts.</i></span></div>
</div>
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E. Cunninghamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10093850882638921077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462537054197231022.post-84989929878662868972015-11-17T19:43:00.001-08:002015-11-17T19:43:40.598-08:00Amanuensis Monday -1787 North Carolina Land Record for Abel Lanham<div class="MsoNormal">
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<img border="0" height="254" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-K6UrnTJhDNk/VkvzNrkWk9I/AAAAAAAABJg/mLgmdRQmtec/s320/Abel%2BLanham%2Bland%2Brecord.jpg" width="320" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">State of North Carolina<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Know ye that we have given and granted unto Abel Lanham a
tract of land containing two hundred acres lying and being in our County of
Green lying on Bent Creek the waters of the Nolychucky [sic] River. Beginning
at a stake on William Rupert’s line thence North one hundred and one poles<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=462537054197231022#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
to a white oak thence West two hundred and sixty poles to a stake on John [?]
Alan’s line, thence South one hundred and forty six poles to the Beginning. To
hold to the said Abel Lanham his heirs and assigns forever. Dated the 20<sup>th</sup>
September 1787.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=462537054197231022#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> A<i> pole</i> was the British term for a linear
or square rod. A linear rod was <span style="background: white;">5.50 yards (16.5 feet</span>).</div>
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<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://geneabloggers.com/">geneabloggers.com</a></div>
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E. Cunninghamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10093850882638921077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462537054197231022.post-33737282636756200952015-10-27T10:02:00.001-07:002017-09-18T07:43:41.199-07:00Fathers Friday - Abel Lanham: From “Traitor” to Hero—An American Life (1762-1838)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-PlNPPYnuGVo/Vi-hKiuunfI/AAAAAAAABIQ/unw29UY5sw8/s1600/Revolution%2Bman.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-PlNPPYnuGVo/Vi-hKiuunfI/AAAAAAAABIQ/unw29UY5sw8/s320/Revolution%2Bman.jpg" width="163" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Just so that you will not be
alarmed by the title, let me say upfront that Abel Lanham was not a traitor to the patriot cause in the Revolutionary War, but we will get to the accusation anon.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px; line-height: 21.4667px;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Abel was the great-grandson of
John Lanham (1661-1745), who had come to America from Wortham, England, in
1679.</span><a href="file:///F:/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Abel%20Lanham.docx#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">[i]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">
He paid for his transportation by signing an indenture that bound him for five years to
Col. Benjamin Rozier of Charles County, Maryland.</span><a href="file:///F:/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Abel%20Lanham.docx#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">[ii]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">In Maryland in 1679, John married a
woman named Dorothy (debate continues regarding her surname, either Shaw or
Burch</span><a href="file:///F:/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Abel%20Lanham.docx#_edn3" name="_ednref3" style="font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">[iii]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">),
and their son William Lanham was the grandfather of Abel Lanham.</span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The family lived in Prince George’s County,
Maryland, for more than sixty years. </span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-gWJr955oDlk/Vi-bdS6TlsI/AAAAAAAABG8/uP7u_3Vsm-s/s1600/Indenture.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-gWJr955oDlk/Vi-bdS6TlsI/AAAAAAAABG8/uP7u_3Vsm-s/s200/Indenture.jpg" width="157" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sample Indenture</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Then William’s son John Lanham,
father of Abel Lanham, moved from Prince George’s County (formerly Charles
County), Maryland, to North Carolina, where his marriage to Comfort Brown was
recorded in 1742.<a href="file:///F:/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Abel%20Lanham.docx#_edn4" name="_ednref4" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">[iv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> John and Comfort were the parents of six
children, the youngest being Abel Lanham, who was born in Mecklenburg County in
1762.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Eighteenth-century records,
which present the name variously as both Lanham and Langham, show land grants
to Abel’s father in both Anson and Mecklenburg Counties. Interestingly, one of his Mecklenburg
properties was a land grant for 150 acres on the Millstone Branch of Fishing
Creek, near the property of Peter Kuykendal, whose daughter Jean became Abel
Lanham’s wife on December 3, 1777.<a href="file:///F:/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Abel%20Lanham.docx#_edn5" name="_ednref5" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">[v]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> The Kuykendalls had been in the colonies
since 1646, arriving from Holland and living first in New Netherland, later to
become New York. At the time of their
marriage, both Abel and Jean were fifteen years old.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Much is known about Abel’s
service in the Revolutionary War since he provided a narrative of his military service in February 1837, when he
applied for a veteran’s pension. Perhaps
it is better to let Abel tell his own story, presented here with its original
spelling, punctuation, and capitalization:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DG70C1ne7-o/Vi-cEXb5f4I/AAAAAAAABHE/MHnYmgHXs_4/s1600/First%2BBroad%2BRiver%2BSecond%2BBroad%2BRiver.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DG70C1ne7-o/Vi-cEXb5f4I/AAAAAAAABHE/MHnYmgHXs_4/s320/First%2BBroad%2BRiver%2BSecond%2BBroad%2BRiver.jpg" width="304" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">First Broad River and Second Broad River can be seen<br />
in the upper left corner of the map.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“I entered the service of the
United States the 1<sup>st</sup> of March 1778, as a volunteer, and as a
private, under the command of Captain Kerkendall [<i>sic</i>], in the Regiment of William Grimes in Rutherford County in the
State of North Carolina. We rendezvoused
on a creek called Sandy run. My Captain
and company were detached from the Regiment and ordered to go in quest of
outlying Tories. We crossed 1<sup>st</sup>
and 2<sup>nd</sup> broad rivers to the frontiers of the State for the purpose
of intercepting men who were in the habit of doing mischief, and then fleeing
to the mountains. We also kept in awe
[dread], such men as were inclined to harbour bad men. We marched from place to place as necessity
required, and kept the disaffected citizens from collecting together. We took ten tories in our rout, and delivered
them over to Col. [William] Grimes, who commanded our Regiment. We were kept in the service scouting about
from place to place until the last of May, when we were discharged by Col.
Grimes; having been in the service three months.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“On the 1<sup>st</sup> of
March 1779 I volunteered my service again as a private in the service of the
United States, in Rutherford County State of North Carolina under the command
of the said Captain Kerkendall, and Col. Grimes, we met at a place called the
Cross roads, I was marched from there to the frontier settlements, to a fort
called McFadden [near Rutherfordton], where we were stationed for three months
for the purpose of protecting the citizens engaged in cultivating their
farms. We were engaged while there in
marching about, sometimes across the Blue ridge, and in the [?] mountains,
guarding the passes through which it was thought the Indians would attempt to
pass into the settlement and then returned to our Fort. We were discharged the first of June 1779,
and returned home.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-sOJN4GGzkbg/Vi-cVXtNyTI/AAAAAAAABHM/4kAZWeqhGgo/s1600/Blue%2BRidge%2BMountains.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="125" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-sOJN4GGzkbg/Vi-cVXtNyTI/AAAAAAAABHM/4kAZWeqhGgo/s200/Blue%2BRidge%2BMountains.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Blue Ridge Mountains</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“From North Carolina I, the
said Abel Lanham, went into South Carolina, on a visit to my sister, and whilst
there I volunteered again as a private on the first of September 1781, in
Orangeburg District under the Command of Captain [William] Young, my Colonel’s
name I cannot now recollect, and joined Col. or General Sumpter at Orangeburg
Court house. Sumpter lay at Orangeburg
Courthouse three months, during which time we had to subsist chiefly by
foraging. Whilst here we did nothing of
importance and during this time [General Anthony] Wayne came on there on his
way to Georgia. I was again discharged the first of February 1782. I then went to Washington County, North
Carolina (now Tennessee). The first of
September 1782, I volunteered again, in sd. County under the Command of Captain
Samuel Ware, in the Regiment of Col. John Sevier, as a private. This service I performed as a horseman. We were marched against the Cherokee nation
of Indians. We started from the Big
Island on French Broad river, and marched to Tennessee river, and crossed the
same at an Indian Town called Chota—from there to Hiwasee river, passed Bulls
town and crossed Cooses river to an Indian Town called Estanolee, from there to
little shoemaker plains and from there to old Hiwasee Town [Hiwasee Old
Town]. In this campaign we destroyed the
Indian crops and fourteen towns and returned home December 1<sup>st</sup> 1782,
when I was discharged. This was my last service as a soldier.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-FhS5DZGcHeA/Vi-c4WURboI/AAAAAAAABHU/pjX5Ua7STzw/s1600/Timberlake%2527s%2BMap.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-FhS5DZGcHeA/Vi-c4WURboI/AAAAAAAABHU/pjX5Ua7STzw/s640/Timberlake%2527s%2BMap.jpg" width="392" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Henry Timberlake's map of the Cherokee country, 1765, showing<br />
Chote about mid-way in the S-curve.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Now let’s examine the bogus
charge of treason. On July 8, 1782, Abel
Lanham and 110 other men were charged in Rutherford County, North Carolina, of
having aided the king of England on October 1, 1780. Specifically, the charge stated that these
men “<span style="background: white;">with force & Arms in the County
aforesaid Wickedly & treacherously entending and Designing as far as in
them lay to Overturn the present free Government of this State & reduce the
inhabitants thereof Under the Power of the Army of Great Britain then & now
at Open War with this State and the United States of America did then &
there with force and Arms feloinously [<i>sic</i>] & treacherously Knowingly &
Willfully did aid & assist the said King by Joining his Army Commanded by
Major [Patrick] Ferguson and by bearing Arms in the Service of the said King
Against the Good Government Peace and Dignity of this State.”<a href="file:///F:/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Abel%20Lanham.docx#_edn6" name="_ednref6" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">[vi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="background: white;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Now, it is
true that Major Ferguson was sweeping through the Carolinas to enlist loyalists
to fight with him. It is also true that
on October 7, 1780, just six days after the alleged treachery of Abel Lanham
and others, Ferguson was killed at the Battle of King’s Mountain. It is interesting to note that one of the
commanders of the American patriots at King’s Mountain was Col. John Sevier.<a href="file:///F:/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Abel%20Lanham.docx#_edn7" name="_ednref7" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">[vii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> It is highly unlikely that a man who had been
with Ferguson at King’s Mountain fighting against John Sevier would be fighting
<i>with</i> him in September 1782—just two
months after the charges of treachery were brought! And a man who had been fighting with the
patriots since 1777, at that!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Certainly the
new government of the United States never brought charges against Lanham, and
when he applied for a pension in 1837, it was granted in the amount of $20 per annum. What’s more, his second wife, Sarah Nunn
Lanham, was granted a widow’s pension in the same amount in 1840, retroactive
to 1838, the date of Abel Lanham’s death.
At least one other person on the list of the accused has also been vindicated,
Freeman Jones, who was also granted a pension after the war.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///F:/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Abel%20Lanham.docx#_edn8" title="">[viii]</a></span></span><a href="file:///F:/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Abel%20Lanham.docx#_edn8" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">One might
wonder why such serious, yet unsubstantiated, claims could be made, and in that
context we have to look at what happened to loyalists. Some escaped to Canada. Some were tortured. Some were hanged. But in all cases their lands were confiscated
and sold, with the profit going toward the war effort. Therefore, it was a temptation to unscrupulous
neighbors to make false accusations and scoop up the land when it became
available. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-RpTtagsfw7M/Vi-d5ZKyBRI/AAAAAAAABHc/911L4gMd5Qs/s1600/Tories.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="208" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-RpTtagsfw7M/Vi-d5ZKyBRI/AAAAAAAABHc/911L4gMd5Qs/s320/Tories.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A Tory under arrest by patriots</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">After the
war, white settlers began to move westward and treaties were made with the
Cherokee to establish what might be called “zones” of ethnic communities. Tennessee would not become a state until
1796, but change was coming on as North Carolina started ceding land to the
federal government. Abel Lanham’s name emerges
next in August 1795 when 600 acres in what would become Grainger County,
Tennessee, were surveyed for him and another man, Alexander Martin. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-MsvshHWZpO4/Vi-erlZ4XPI/AAAAAAAABHo/28YixlUexHg/s1600/Cherokee%2Bland%2B1804.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="247" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-MsvshHWZpO4/Vi-erlZ4XPI/AAAAAAAABHo/28YixlUexHg/s320/Cherokee%2Bland%2B1804.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Cherokee Territory, 1804</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The dates of
birth for the children of Abel and Jean are all post-war. The first, Elizabeth, is reported by some
researchers as having been born in Camden District, South Carolina and by
others, Lee County, Virginia, but all agree her birth date was 4 March
1780. This date was between Abel’s second
and third deployment, and the war was still raging. The second child, Robert, born 1786, probably in Claiborne County,
Tennessee, is found in Jackson, Alabama in the 1840 census and died 1857. The third child, Solomon,
born 1 January 1788, identified his birthplace as Tennessee (or what ultimately
became Tennessee) in the census record of 1850,<a href="file:///F:/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Abel%20Lanham.docx#_edn9" name="_ednref9" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">[ix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> so this puts us on firm
ground as saying that after the war, Abel and Jean were among those who moved
somewhat to the west of their childhood homes and settled in the Claiborne
County area, where members of the family still reside today.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">From 1784,
when the 600 acres were surveyed for Lanham and Martin, until November 1837,
Abel Lanham is on record both buying and selling land in not only Claiborne
County, but Greene and Grainger Counties as well.<a href="file:///F:/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Abel%20Lanham.docx#_edn10" name="_ednref10" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">[x]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> In addition, he was active in the
community. For example, in about 1802,
he was one of the commissioners selected to locate the seat of justice and lay
out the town of Tazewell, Tennessee, where the first house was erected in
1803. From 1810 to 1814, he served as a
trustee for the county administration.<a href="file:///F:/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Abel%20Lanham.docx#_edn11" name="_ednref11" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">[xi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-kC1GXTYXgE4/Vi-fDv-kEGI/AAAAAAAABHw/v_aAotbV9jc/s1600/Col.%2BSevier.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-kC1GXTYXgE4/Vi-fDv-kEGI/AAAAAAAABHw/v_aAotbV9jc/s200/Col.%2BSevier.jpg" width="108" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Statue of Col. John<br />
Sevier</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">On 20 June
1797, Lanham was commissioned by John Sevier as a lieutenant in the regiment of
Grainger County. Sevier, under whom
Lanham had served during the campaign against the Cherokee during the
Revolution, was at that time governor of Tennessee. Two years later, Sevier named Lanham justice
of the peace for Grainger County.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///F:/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Abel%20Lanham.docx#_edn12" title="">[xii]</a></span></span><a href="file:///F:/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Abel%20Lanham.docx#_edn12" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jean
Kuykendall Lanham died 29 August 1810 at the age of forty-eight and was buried
in the Lanham cemetery near Tazewell. Between
1780 and 1808, Jean had borne thirteen children. On September 6, 1818, Abel
married his second wife, Sarah Nun (Nunn), and from that union, eight children
were born.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It is hard to
say what caused Abel to fall on hard times in 1837 to such a degree that he
sought a veteran’s pension for the first time.
In his statement given at the Claiborne County Court in August of that
year, Abel stated that “he would have applied sooner, but he was then in
independent circumstances, and was, as he thought, able to live comfortably
without assistance from the government; he further states that he never
intended applying for a pension whilst in affluence, but that misfortunes have
of late come upon him and he has been forced to part with his property and is
now reduced to want.”<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///F:/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Abel%20Lanham.docx#_edn13" title="">[xiii]</a> </span></span></span></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-F0fa8H82DPM/Vi-fq8hUmNI/AAAAAAAABH4/j3ixGtAa_z8/s1600/Abel%2BLanham%2Bwill%2Bp%2B1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-F0fa8H82DPM/Vi-fq8hUmNI/AAAAAAAABH4/j3ixGtAa_z8/s200/Abel%2BLanham%2Bwill%2Bp%2B1.jpg" width="128" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Abel Lanham's Will<br />
p. 1</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px; line-height: 21.4667px;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px; line-height: 21.4667px;"></span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></span><a href="file:///F:/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Abel%20Lanham.docx#_edn13" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">On 3 July 1838,
Abel Lanham wrote his will. The heart of
the will reads, thus, with its original conventions of language:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“I give and
bequeath to Sarah my dearly beloved wife all and singular the remainder of my
land and movable estate to be applied to raising my dear children or so much of
my said estate as may be left after all my Just debts are well and truely paid.
At the death of my wife Sarah if there be any property left it is my will that [it] be sold for cash and equally divided between my last
children. Likewise Sarah Lanham my
beloved wife whom I constitute make and ordain my sole Exutrix of this my last
will and testament.”<a href="file:///F:/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Abel%20Lanham.docx#_edn14" name="_ednref14" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">[xiv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> He died about eight weeks later on 22 August
1838 and was buried beside his first wife, Jean, in the Lanham cemetery near
Tazewell.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-lXm7QH0Smcs/Vi-t3D_y66I/AAAAAAAABJM/Mkr7rSb3SsU/s1600/Abel%2BJean%2BLanham%2Bgraves2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="133" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-lXm7QH0Smcs/Vi-t3D_y66I/AAAAAAAABJM/Mkr7rSb3SsU/s200/Abel%2BJean%2BLanham%2Bgraves2.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Graves of Jean Kuykendall Lanham (left)<br />
and Abel Lanham (right)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">But that is
not the end of the story. In 1974, Zella
Armstrong published a book entitled <i>Some
Tennessee Heroes of the Revolution</i>, based on the government’s Revolutionary
War pension records. On pages 20-21, she
recounts the narrative that Abel himself provided in 1837, which appears above.<a href="file:///F:/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Abel%20Lanham.docx#_edn15" name="_ednref15" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">[xv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Then on 12 November 2005, 167 years after his
passing, the people of Claiborne County, a place carved from the wilderness by
Abel Lanham himself, was honored by the dedication of his grave. Under the auspices of the Bonny Kate Chapter of
the Daughters of the American Revolution and the General Joseph Martin Chapter
of the Sons of the American Revolution, forty to fifty people gathered by that simple countryside grave for the ceremony, which followed this program:</span> <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Trumpet call
by the Reverend Samuel Johnson<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Presentation
of Colors by Rutledge High School<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Welcome by
Patricia F. Hunter of the DAR<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Invocation by
June Burnett, DAR Chaplain<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pledge of
Allegiance by Todd Williams of the SAR<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Posting of
the Colors by JROTC of Rutledge High School<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Presentation
of certificates by Virgil Herrell, Claiborne County Mayor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Historical
narrative by Ollie Ellison of the DAR<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tribute in
honor of Abel Lanham by Chuck Minton, great-grandson<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-I_JJ0TDLVmc/Vi-tjOk_FqI/AAAAAAAABJE/zR4IM5Vthgs/s1600/abel%2Blanham%2Bheadstone.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-I_JJ0TDLVmc/Vi-tjOk_FqI/AAAAAAAABJE/zR4IM5Vthgs/s1600/abel%2Blanham%2Bheadstone.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Headstone of Abel Lanham, <br />
Lanham Cemetery, Tazewell, Tennessee</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In his tribute, Minton said,
in part, “We are gathered here today in honor of an individual who believed, as
most colonists of the 13 colonies did, in a dream to be free of tyranny. At the
age of 16, the man who lies here in this cromlech took up arms to defend this
dream. This dream is now called America</span><span style="background: white; color: #4e453f; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%;">. . . . </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">From his youth to his death, Abel Lanham witnessed the birth
of the United States and ultimately the birth of a county known by the name of
Claiborne County. This country and this county will always remember you, Abel Lanham, for a job well done</span>.”<a href="file:///F:/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Abel%20Lanham.docx#_edn16" name="_ednref16" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[xvi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/--3TAuvYcN_Y/Vi-ijG0wQsI/AAAAAAAABIk/4SHMaLXwnfs/s1600/Colonial%2BFlag.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="124" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/--3TAuvYcN_Y/Vi-ijG0wQsI/AAAAAAAABIk/4SHMaLXwnfs/s200/Colonial%2BFlag.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">And so endures the
memory of Abel Lanham, a man once falsely accused of treachery but now remembered
and honored as an American hero. It is
the stuff of dreams and well illustrated by this American life.</span><br />
<div>
<!--[if !supportEndnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<br />
<div id="edn1">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="file:///F:/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Abel%20Lanham.docx#_ednref1" name="_edn1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[i]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <i>U.S. and Canada, Passenger and Immigration
Lists Index, 1500s-1900s</i>. Maryland,
Year: 1679. 281. <i>Ancestry.com.</i> Provo, UT, USA. 2010. Web. 26 Oct. 2015.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="edn2">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="file:///F:/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Abel%20Lanham.docx#_ednref2" name="_edn2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[ii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <span style="background: white; color: #111111; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Charles Co.
Ejectment papers: Rozier, Henry; MSA Maryland patent libers 16:71 and WC #2:130.</span>
Cited in Oran Stroud Lanham. “The John Lanham Family 1661.” Rev. ed. Clifford
W. Lanham and Kevin W. Lanham, eds. 1.3.5. 2012. Web. 27 Oct. 2015.<span style="background: white; color: #36322d; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div id="edn3">
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<a href="file:///F:/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Abel%20Lanham.docx#_ednref3" name="_edn3" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[iii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <span style="background: white; color: #36322d; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Lanham, Howard G. “Controversies
in Lanham Genealogy.” <i>Angelfire. </i>n.d.
Web. 27 Oct. 2015.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #36322d; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn4">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="file:///F:/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Abel%20Lanham.docx#_ednref4" name="_edn4" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[iv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Yates Publishing.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><em style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">U.S. and International Marriage Records, 1560-1900</span></em>. <i>Ancestry.com.</i>
Provo, UT. Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
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<a href="file:///F:/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Abel%20Lanham.docx#_ednref5" name="_edn5" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[v]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Jeff Barefoot. “Records
of the Lanham Family of North Carolina, Tennessee, and Kentucky.” 1991.
Available <i>Ancestry.com</i>.n.d. Web. 26
Oct. 2015.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn6">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[vi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span>
<em><span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">U.S., Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty-Land Warrant
Application Files, 1800-1900</span></em><span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">. <i>Ancestry.com.</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Provo, UT: 2010. Web. 27 Oct.
2015.</span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
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</div>
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<a href="file:///F:/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Abel%20Lanham.docx#_ednref7" name="_edn7" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[vii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Michael
Toomey. “John Sevier (1745-1815).” <i>North
Carolina History Project. </i>John Locke
Foundation. 2015. Web. 27 Oct. 2015. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///F:/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Abel%20Lanham.docx#_ednref8" name="_edn8" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[viii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Doris
Froehmer. “<span style="background: white;">Re: Freeman Jones
Sr.-1782 Rutherford Co. Court of Pleas & Quarter.” To Jones-Freeman-L
Archives. <i>Rootsweb. Ancestry.com.</i> 28
Apr. 2002. Web. 27 Oct. 2015. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="file:///F:/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Abel%20Lanham.docx#_ednref9" name="_edn9" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[ix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <em><span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1850 United States Federal Census</span></em><span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">. Provo, UT:2009. <i>Ancestry.com</i> Operations. Images
reproduced by <i>FamilySearch</i>.</span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///F:/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Abel%20Lanham.docx#_ednref10" name="_edn10" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[x]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Barefoot.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///F:/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Abel%20Lanham.docx#_ednref11" name="_edn11" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[xi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Barefoot.</span></div>
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<div id="edn12">
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<a href="file:///F:/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Abel%20Lanham.docx#_ednref12" name="_edn12" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[xii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“The
Lanham Cemetery.” <i>Claiborne County
Cemeteries.</i> Rootsweb. Ancestry.com. n.d. Web. 26 Oct. 2015. </span></div>
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<a href="file:///F:/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Abel%20Lanham.docx#_ednref13" name="_edn13" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[xiii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> U.S. Revolutionary War
Pension and Bounty-Land Warrant Application Files, 1800-1900. Images 522-23. <i>InteractiveAncestry.com.</i> Accessed 26
Oct. 2015.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///F:/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Abel%20Lanham.docx#_ednref14" name="_edn14" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[xiv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Barefoot. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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20-21. <i>Ancestry.com.</i> n.d. 27 Oct.
2015.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///F:/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Abel%20Lanham.docx#_ednref16" name="_edn16" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[xvi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“Dedication
of Abel Lanham Grave.”<i> Claiborne Progress.
</i>17 Nov. 2005. Cited in Joe Paine. <i>Webworks.</i>
<i>JoePaine.org.</i> n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2015.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(c) Eileen Cunningham, 2015</span></div>
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E. Cunninghamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10093850882638921077noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462537054197231022.post-14196563309821174022015-09-27T13:12:00.000-07:002015-09-27T13:20:00.287-07:00Amanuensis Monday: Will of Hugh Kilgore of Cumberland County, Pennsylvania (1715-1805)<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><i>Note: Spelling and punctuation have been modernized. Also note that Tyrone township is now part of Perry County, PA, which was formed out of Cumberland County. </i></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-JTCxJzJfVhA/VghMRd7wVBI/AAAAAAAABGY/9mSv-pqdtMM/s1600/Perry%2BCounty%2BPA.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-JTCxJzJfVhA/VghMRd7wVBI/AAAAAAAABGY/9mSv-pqdtMM/s1600/Perry%2BCounty%2BPA.png" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Today's Perry County, PA, with today's <br />
Cumberland County immediately south <br />
(Source: <i>Wikipedia</i>)</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Jgplmz7OgyU/VghMV-gQDuI/AAAAAAAABGg/E_kGAVHXDc0/s1600/Tyrone%2BTownship.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Jgplmz7OgyU/VghMV-gQDuI/AAAAAAAABGg/E_kGAVHXDc0/s1600/Tyrone%2BTownship.PNG" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Tyrone Township within Perry County<br />
(Source: <i>Wikipedia)</i></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">I, Hugh
Kilgore, of Tyrone Township, Cumberland County and State of Pennsylvania, farmer,
being of sound and disposing memory and considering the uncertainty of this
life do make this my testament and last will in manner and form following: </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">I will, devise, and bequeath to my wife Jean the
third part of my personal estate beside an exclusive of two cows, her bed and
bed clothes, my roan mare, four yews, and the third of the flax, which I also
bequeath to my wife Jean.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">I will,
devise, and bequeath to my daughter Rebecca one dollar.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">I will, devise, and bequeath to my son David
Kilgore one dollar.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">I will, devise, and
bequeath to my daughter Elizabeth Kelly sixty dollars.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">I will, devise, and bequeath to my daughter
Mary Kilgore twenty dollars.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">I will,
devise, and bequeath to my daughter Margaret [inserted above the line] Kilgore
one third part of the residue of my personal estate, after the above legacies
are deducted.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">I will, devise, and
bequeath to my son James Kilgore one third part of the residue of my personal
estate equal to my daughter Margaret’s legacy, but if he keeps or claims the
grey mare as his property, then eighty dollars is to be deducted from his
legacy and to be equally divided between my daughters Margaret and Jean.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">I will, devise, and bequeath to my daughter
Jean Kilgore the remaining third part of my personal estate. The above legacies
to be paid to the above legatees in proportion to their legacies as the money
arising from the sale of my executors.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">I
will, order, and direct all my just debts and funeral expenses to be paid.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">I will, constitute, and appoint my wife Jean
and my nephew William McClure executors of this my last will and testament, and
I do hereby revoke and disannull [sic] all former wills declaring this and no
other to be my last will testament.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The witness
whereof I have hereunto set my hand and seal this fifth day of April one
thousand eight hundred and five.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Signed, dated, published, and declared by Hugh
Kilgore the testator as his last will and testament in presence of us—Edward West,
James Wilson.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hugh Kilgore [seal]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Be it remembered that on the 23<sup>rd</sup> day of
April AD 1805 the last will and testament of Hugh Kilgore (late of Tyrone township,
dec’d) of which the foregoing record is a true copy was legally proven and
letters testamentary with a copy of the will annexed issued the same day in
common form to Jane [sic] Kilgore and William McClure executors within
named. Inventory and account to be
exhibited in the register’s office in the Borough of Carlisle in the time
appointed by law.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">George Kline, Reg.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Source: <i>Pennsylvania Wills and Probate Records,</i> 1683-1993. (Available on Ancestry.com)</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://www.geneabloggers.com/">www.geneabloggers.com</a></span></div>
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E. Cunninghamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10093850882638921077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462537054197231022.post-59726659639059923932015-04-23T23:20:00.000-07:002015-04-28T21:15:27.744-07:00Military Monday - Dr. Charles Campbell Guard, Civil War Surgeon, and His Family<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ButnV-5lWwA/VTm7d0qMcEI/AAAAAAAABD0/iJmCJeCibGQ/s1600/Charles%2BCampbell%2BGuard.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ButnV-5lWwA/VTm7d0qMcEI/AAAAAAAABD0/iJmCJeCibGQ/s1600/Charles%2BCampbell%2BGuard.jpg" height="320" width="251" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dr. Charles Campbell Guard</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dr. Charles Campbell Guard was
the great-grandson of Jeremiah Gard (1717-1783) of Morris County, New Jersey,
whom many Gard researchers consider the “great granddaddy” of us all. Charles was the oldest of the eight children
of Chalon Guard (1797-1885) and his wife, Sarah “Sally” Campbell Guard
(1799-1842). He was born on August 5,
1824, a day after his father’s twenty-seventh birthday, in Equality,
Illinois. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">On October 19, 1845, Charles
married sixteen-year-old Lucy Ann White (parents unknown). The couple had two
children. The first, a girl named Julia
A. (Ann, after her mother perhaps?), born in 1847, was still alive at age three
as she appears in the 1850 census, but she does not seem to have survived to
adulthood as she is not mentioned in the records after that. The second, a girl named Lucy V., was born
two years later in 1849. Unfortunately, their
mother, Lucy Ann, passed away on July 3 of the same year, suggesting complications
from pregnancy. So, at the age of 25,
Charles Guard was left a widower with at least one infant girl to bring up. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">At some point in time, Charles
Guard completed his education to become a doctor. Details as to where and when he
received his education have not yet been uncovered, but at the age of 26, he is
listed as a physician in the 1850 census when he was living in Saline County,
Illinois, near Harrisburg. In all other
census records before and after 1850, he was in his native Gallatin County.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">On March 12, 1851, Dr. Guard
remarried to twenty-three-year-old Lucy Posey.
(Yes, the third Lucy in the narrative.)
The couple had two children: both boys.
The first was Birtis Guard (b. 1852).
I have been unable to find any information about a person with this (or
a similar) name, so I fear that this is another child who did not survive. Sadly, the second son, George P. (Posey?)
Guard (b. 1853) is known to have died in infancy as well and is buried in the
Equality Village Cemetery. And then, two
years later, Dr. Guard again made his sad way to the cemetery for the interment
of his second wife.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Little Lucy V., now six, was
again motherless. But on September 13,
1857, Dr. Guard, now 33, married for the third time to 17-year-old Nancy “Nannie”
Baker, who gave birth to a son, Chalon Timothy Guard, on July 21, 1858. This was Dr. Guard’s fifth child and became the
fourth to die in infancy. On November
19, 1861, Nancy gave birth to another son, Charles Alexander, who, I am happy
to report, survived to the age of 77, dying in the family’s hometown of
Equality (Gallatin County) in 1938. <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-2IWnz8iUEg0/VTnP7MWeTXI/AAAAAAAABFA/vDvvJUA5Fdo/s1600/Nancy%2BBaker%2BGuard.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-2IWnz8iUEg0/VTnP7MWeTXI/AAAAAAAABFA/vDvvJUA5Fdo/s1600/Nancy%2BBaker%2BGuard.jpg" height="200" width="151" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Nancy "Nannie" Baker </td></tr>
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<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Though Charles and Nancy would
return to Equality, the census year 1860 found them living near the town of Harrisburg
in Saline County, Illinois. Now, Saline
County, newly formed in 1847, had originally been a part of Gallatin
County. The division of the county was
controversial, and it had taken some time for the decision finally to be settled
in court, with then Illinois attorney Abraham Lincoln having a role in the
whole matter. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dr. Guard’s family was not the
only Guard family in Saline County. On
the same page as the family of Charles Campbell Guard is the family of Charles’
half-brother, Chalon Guard (1853-1933). The
census reveals one other interesting fact.
Living with the Guards in Saline County were two ten-year-old African-American
children, a girl named Anna and a boy named Albert Prater, who are listed as
domestic servants. The story of the
status of blacks in pre-Civil War Illinois is an interesting one, which I hope
to cover in a future narrative. Suffice it here to say that Dr. Guard seems to
have been protecting these children from those in the state and the region who
did not support their freedom.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-7u4XlFT1kzY/VTnHdxd-zVI/AAAAAAAABEk/kDKTlIrQZUo/s1600/Surgeon's%2BKit.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-7u4XlFT1kzY/VTnHdxd-zVI/AAAAAAAABEk/kDKTlIrQZUo/s1600/Surgeon's%2BKit.jpg" height="131" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Civil War Era Surgical Kit</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">By the time the war broke out,
the Guards were back in Gallatin County.
In August 1861, Dr. Guard joined up with the 3<sup>rd</sup> Illinois
Cavalry. He was placed in Co. E. like
others from Saline and Gallatin Counties, and was given the rank of 1<sup>st</sup>
Lieutenant. However, when the unit moved out toward St. Louis on September 25,
Charles was promoted to surgeon and transferred to the 29<sup>th</sup> Illinois
Infantry (National; United States).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Almost immediately, the 29<sup>th</sup>
reported to Cairo, Illinois, where Ulysses S. Grant, then a Brigadier-General,
had recently been placed in command.
Grant’s assignment was to command the district of southeastern Missouri
comprising all the territory in Missouri south of St. Louis and all of southern
Illinois with permanent headquarters at Cairo.
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-skvYMYE0r24/VTnBTxqndnI/AAAAAAAABEM/g9DGxXlG2TM/s1600/Cairo%2BPaducah%2Bmap.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-skvYMYE0r24/VTnBTxqndnI/AAAAAAAABEM/g9DGxXlG2TM/s1600/Cairo%2BPaducah%2Bmap.jpg" height="252" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The map on the right,
published in 1862, shows the position of Cairo at the confluence of the Mississippi
and Ohio Rivers. Paducah, Kentucky, to
the east of Cairo, can be seen on the Tennessee River, which was a tributary to
the Ohio. These waterways, which had
previously been navigated for commerce, became central to troop deployment and
support of what is now called the Army of the Tennessee. For example, in November 1861, Grant, setting
out from Cairo on the Mississippi, moved 3,000 men south on steamboats
accompanied by two gun boats to an engagement against the Confederates at
Belmont, Missouri. Debarking three miles
north of Belmont, they marched southward to engage Confederate Col. Jeff
Thompson, whom they defeated (Wilson). In this battle, the Union suffered the loss of 120 dead, 383 wounded, and 104 captured or missing. The wounded would, of course, have looked to Dr. Guard and his assistants for treatment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Since the army moved on the
water, so did the surgeons, but at first their task was quite daunting.</span><span style="font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">During the operations against Fort Henry,
Tennessee, February 2-6, 1862, moving the wounded out of the war zone was
obviously slowed by the cumbersome process involved. Alan Hawk of the National
Museum of Health and Medicine explains:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">As the
river campaign began from Cairo, Illinois, in February 1862, getting the sick
out of the combat zone in preparation for the campaign turned out to [be]
complex. A surgeon needed [to] request
the quartermaster’s corps to provide transportation for the sick. These requests got low priority since the
quartermasters tended to put their efforts on the movement of troops, weapons,
ammunition and supplies (Hawk).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Eventually approval was
received to charter steamboats specifically for transportation of the sick and
wounded. When they left Fort Henry, the
medical transport system had improved somewhat as the vessel <i>City of Memphis, </i>with Dr. Guard aboard, left
with 475 patients bound upriver for Paducah, Kentucky (Hawk). </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">While the ship was moving
northward to Paducah, the 29<sup>th</sup> Illinois was moving eastward by land
to Fort Donelson, Tennessee, which is on the Cumberland River. The Cumberland also passes through Paducah,
which means that, upon debarking the wounded from Ft. Henry, the <i>City of Memphis </i>probably advanced via
the Cumberland from Paducah to Fort Donelson, which was taken by the Union on
February 16. As the infantry continued eastward
to Savannah, Tennessee, the <i>City of
Memphis</i> and its sister ship the <i>Louisiana
</i>continued to ferry the sick and wounded from ports in Tennessee to
hospitals in Illinois, Ohio, and Missouri.
It is estimated they transported 10,000 men in this way between February
and July (Hawk).<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-9uNFi2coFWc/VTncHT6N20I/AAAAAAAABFQ/xiN0AnoJF6g/s1600/3377151210_19c46903af_z.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-9uNFi2coFWc/VTncHT6N20I/AAAAAAAABFQ/xiN0AnoJF6g/s1600/3377151210_19c46903af_z.jpg" height="262" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">City of Memphis Hospital Ship</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In March, Assistant Adjutant-General
James H. Hammond sent a query to Captain John Rawlins suggesting that
additional floating hospitals be assigned to the Savannah, Tennessee,
region. Hammond was writing from
Pittsburg Landing on the west bank of the Tennessee River just a few miles
above Shiloh, where the famous Battle of Shiloh would soon take place. At 4:00 p.m., General Sherman added a P.S. to
Hammond’s letter, stating: “<span style="background: white;">Have
just read this letter, and approve all but floating hospitals; regimental
surgeons [which would have included Dr. Guard] can take care of all sick,
except chronic cases, which can always be sent down to Paducah” (Hammond). <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="background: white;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">This
letter was dated March 18. The 29<sup>th</sup>
Illinois was at Pittsburg Landing at that time and remained there until March
25, at which time they began their move to the south. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">However,
Dr. Charles Campbell Guard would not be there to help with the wounded from the
Battle of Shiloh, which commenced on April 6, because, on April 4, he died of
hepatitis aboard the <i>City of Memphis</i>,
no doubt due to contact with contaminated blood during the course of his
work. Strangely, two sources indicate
that Dr. Guard was at the Battle of Shiloh (“Charles Campbell Guard”<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Charles%20Campbell%20Guard.docx#_edn1" name="_ednref1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">[*]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>; Guard). However, this cannot be true given the date
of his death and that of the commencement of the battle. It would probably be more accurate to say
that the floating hospital on which Guard worked was nearing Shiloh when he
died, but he could not have witnessed the fighting or cared for the wounded
from the battle.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Dr.
Guard’s body was returned to Equality, Illinois, in Gallatin County, for burial
near the graves of his first two wives, Lucy White and Lucy Posey, and his
infant son, George. His living wife,
Nannie Baker, now 23, and her 9-month-old son, as well as Lucy White’s
daughter, Lucy V.,13, were now without a
husband and father. <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-cGj4vIJswFY/VTnefH2QYkI/AAAAAAAABFc/329cYdlP1jU/s1600/Equality%2BVillage%2BCemetery.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-cGj4vIJswFY/VTnefH2QYkI/AAAAAAAABFc/329cYdlP1jU/s1600/Equality%2BVillage%2BCemetery.jpg" height="149" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Equality Village Cemetery<br />
Gallatin Co., Illinois</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">In
1864, Nannie remarried and appears with her son Charles Guard in the 1870
census, residing in Terra Haute, Indiana, with her second husband, Enoch Ross,
and two Ross children, ages four and two.
But what happened to Lucy V.?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">I
was unable to find Lucy residing with any known relatives, and by the time of
the next census in 1870, this 13-year-old girl would have been 21 and possibly
married, though I was not able to discover a marriage record for her
either. Sadly, I discovered her on <i>Findagrave.com</i>, laid to rest at the age
of 15 with no apparent family members beside her in Haven Hill Cemetery in the
town of Olney, Richland County, Illinois, 70 miles to the east of Equality (“Lucy
V. Guard”<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Charles%20Campbell%20Guard.docx#_edn2" name="_ednref2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">[†]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>). But how did she end up there? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Lucy
V.’s mother died in 1849, and Dr. Guard did not re-marry until 1851. The 1850 Census record shows him and his two
daughters, Julia (age 3) and Lucy V. (age 1), residing with the family of Dr.
Guard’s sister, Anne Valeria Guard Campbell, who was married to Judge John Lloyd Campbell. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">By
the time of the 1860 census, Dr. Guard had remarried and Lucy V. was residing in
Equality with her father and step-mother Nannie. (Julia does not appear.) But
if Lucy died in Olney, how did she get there? We cannot be sure, without further
discoveries, when exactly Lucy V. made her way to Olney, but my guess is that
she went there after her father’s death and burial. After all, Nannie was not her own mother, and
she did have other kin who cared for her.
It isn’t difficult to assume that her aunt, Anne Valeria, and her uncle, Judge John L. Campbell, with whom she had lived briefly in 1850, would have opened
their home to this young orphaned girl.
This conjecture is strengthened by the fact that, according to the 1870
census, the couple were residing in Olney.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-VSOciWh6-PQ/VTnNWsZFz_I/AAAAAAAABE0/19vIlRxRi-U/s1600/19C%2BGirl.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-VSOciWh6-PQ/VTnNWsZFz_I/AAAAAAAABE0/19vIlRxRi-U/s1600/19C%2BGirl.jpg" height="200" width="115" /></a></div>
<o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Realizing
the importance of Anne Valeria in Lucy’s life, it is tempting to suppose that
the <i>V </i>in Lucy’s name stands for Valeria,
but that cannot be said with certainty.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The
conjecture that Lucy lived with the Campbells after her father’s death is strengthened
by a statement in a biographical sketch of John Lloyd Campbell, which appeared
in the historical atlas of Richland County, Illinois, published in 1875, the
year of John Lloyd Campbell’s death (Atlas).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">In
the paragraphs regarding Campbell’s marriage to Anne Valeria Guard, we learn
several key facts. One is that Anne
Valeria moved to Richland County from Gallatin County during the war while John
Campbell was serving in the Union Army (Co. E, 3<sup>rd</sup> Illinois Cavalry). Why she moved during the war may be explained
by the fact that there were numerous other Campbells in Olney, and, with four
children, she may have been attracted to the support of her in-laws since both her
own mother and her mother-in-law had died by then.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The
second revelation in the biographical sketch is that the couple, in addition to
their own children, raised ten orphans. Given
Lucy V.’s status as an orphan after April 1862, it is highly likely that she
was one of the ten. The cause of her death is unknown. Sadly, none of Lucy’s
blood kin rest with her in Haven Hill Cemetery, but her Uncle John was laid
there upon his death October 9, 1875. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Dr.
Guard’s sister, Anne Valeria, eventually moved out to California with her son,
John L. Campbell, Jr., who earned some fame as Superior Judge in San Bernardino
County, where Anne Valeria died on February 18, 1893 (“Hon.” 534). Charles Alexander Guard, the son of Dr. Guard
and his third wife Nannie Baker, married Rachel Elizabeth Bourland in 1873 and
had six children. He ran the general
store in Equality until his death in 1938.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">This
sad tale of love and loss may be typical of the mid-nineteenth century, when
infant mortality was high and the Civil War was tearing families asunder.
Through it all, however, I see in Charles Campbell Guard a man who devoted his
life to helping others and gave his own in service to the soldiers of the Army
of the Tennessee.</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<span style="background: white; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div>
<!--[if !supportEndnotes]-->(c) Eileen Cunningham, 2015<br />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<br />
<div id="edn1">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Charles%20Campbell%20Guard.docx#_ednref1" name="_edn1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[*]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
The memorial has been updated with information I was able to provide as a
result of this research.</div>
</div>
<div id="edn2">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Charles%20Campbell%20Guard.docx#_ednref2" name="_edn2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[†]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Ditto.</div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
Works Cited</div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“Charles Campbell Guard.” <i>Findagrave.com</i>. Memorial #99965994. 31 Oct. 2012. Web. 7 Mar. 2015.
<a href="http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=99965994&ref=acom">http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=99965994&ref=acom</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Guard, Jim. “Dr. Charles Campbell Guard.” <i>Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War.</i>
n.d. Web. 7 Mar. 2015. <a href="http://suvcw.org/past/ccguard.htm">http://suvcw.org/past/ccguard.htm</a>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hammond, J[ames]. H. “To Captain [John] Rawlins.” 18 Mar.
1862. <i>Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman. Son
of the South. </i>n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2015. <a href="http://www.sonofthesouth.net/union-generals/sherman/memoirs/general-sherman-battle-shiloh.htm">http://www.sonofthesouth.net/union-generals/sherman/memoirs/general-sherman-battle-shiloh.htm</a>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hawk, Alan. “Hospital Ships in the American Civil War.” <i>Academia. </i>n.d. Web. 22 Apr. 2015. <a href="http://www.academia.edu/3302385/Hospital_Ships_in_the_American_Civil_War">www.academia.edu/3302385/Hospital_Ships_in_the_American_Civil_War</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“Hon. John Lloyd Campbell.”<i> An Illustrated History of Southern California. </i>Chicago: Lewis,
1890. <i>Internet Archive. </i>n.d. Web. 23
Apr. 2015. <a href="https://archive.org/stream/illustratedhistofsc00lewi#page/n5/mode/2up">https://archive.org/stream/illustratedhistofsc00lewi#page/n5/mode/2up</a>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“John L. Campbell.” <i>Historical
Atlas of Richland Illinois. </i>Brink & Co., 1875. <i>Historic MapWorks. </i>2015.
Web. 21 Apr. 2015. <a href="http://www.historicmapworks.com/Atlas.php?cat=History&c=US&a=8858">http://www.historicmapworks.com/Atlas.php?cat=History&c=US&a=8858</a>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">“Lucy V. Guard.”
Findagrave.com. Memorial # 35545596. 5
Apr. 2009. Web. 10 Mar. 2015. <a href="http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=35545596&ref=acom">http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=35545596&ref=acom</a>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">National
Archives and Records Administration.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><em><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">U.S., Civil War Pension Index: General Index to Pension Files, 1861-1934</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"> [database
on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2000.</span> Accessed 23
Apr. 2015.<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<em><span style="background: white; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">United States.</span></em><em><span style="background: white; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> Registers of Deaths of
Volunteers, 1861-1865</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">[database
on-line]. Ancestry.com. 2012. Web. 23 Apr. 2015. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Wilson, James
Grant, and John Fiske, eds. <i>Appleton’s
Cyclopaedia of American Biography. </i>Rev. ed. 5.710. <i>Internet Archive. </i>n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2015. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Illustrations<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Charles
Campbell Guard. <i>Findagrave.com.</i>
Memorial #</span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">99965994.</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; line-height: 115%;">City of Memphis Hospital Ship. National Museum of Health and Medicine. Creative Commons License 2.0 Generic. </span><span style="font-family: Garamond, serif;"><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">https://www.flickr.com/photos/medicalmuseum/3377151210/in/set-72157614294677868 </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Garamond, serif;"><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Equality Village Cemetery. <i>Findagrave.com.</i></span><br />
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><i><br /></i></span>
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Map. “Position
of New Madrid.” <i>City-Data</i>. <a href="http://www.city-data.com/forum/history/1156662-today-civil-war-30.html">http://www.city-data.com/forum/history/1156662-today-civil-war-30.html</a>
<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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E. Cunninghamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10093850882638921077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462537054197231022.post-42004524633845982142015-03-22T15:47:00.004-07:002021-09-07T00:48:29.760-07:00Those Places Thursday - Where Was Gallow Hill?<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-xjSCfybhprI/VQ9EDFlYDQI/AAAAAAAABC8/9eAfxHNM0G4/s1600/Dingwall%2Bpainting.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="156" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-xjSCfybhprI/VQ9EDFlYDQI/AAAAAAAABC8/9eAfxHNM0G4/s1600/Dingwall%2Bpainting.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dingwall, Ross and Cromarty, Scotland</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Doing research on Clan Bain in
Dingwall, Ross and Cromarty, Scotland, I came across the marriage record of John Bain and Anne Kemp, in the old registers of
Dingwall parish. The two were married on November 30, 1805, and the handwritten
record identifies Anne as “daughter to John Kemp in Gallowhill.”<a href="file:///F:/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Gallow%20Hill.docx#_edn1" name="_ednref1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> But where was Gallowhill, or, as I later
learned to write it, Gallow Hill? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">In order to understand Gallow
Hill, one needs to know a bit about the town of Dingwall. It was the poet Robert
Southey who, while in Dingwall in 1819, indicated to the engineer Thomas
Telford that Dingwall reminded him “in its name of the Icelandic capital
Thingvalla.”<a href="file:///F:/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Gallow%20Hill.docx#_edn2" name="_ednref2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Archaeological research has proven Southey’s
instinct to be true: Dingwall has Norse origins.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">To be specific, the name </span><i><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Dingwall </span></i><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%;">derives
from the Norse </span><i><span style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Þingvöllr</span></i><span class="apple-converted-space"><i><span style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="text-align: start;">, </span></span></i></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">which means <i>field, or
meeting place, of the thing. </i> The <i>thing</i>
</span></span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">(sometimes
spelled </span><i><span style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Þ</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">ing</span></i><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">) was the Norse representative assembly where political
decisions were made and legal disputes settled.
Other places in Scandinavian-controlled areas with similar names are
Tynwald on the Isle of Man, Tingwall on Orkney, Tingwall on Shetland, Thingwall
on the Wirral Peninsula, </span></span><span style="background: white; color: #4c4a39; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Þ</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">ingvellir in Iceland, Tingwalla in Sweden, and Tingvoll in
Norway. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">To determine the exact site of
the <i>thing</i> in Dingwall, the Highland
Council commissioned the chairman of the Dingwall historical society, David D.
MacDonald, in 2012. By using Scottish historical
records, knowledge of Norse practice regarding the <i>thing</i>, and even ground-penetrating radar, MacDonald and his team
were able to conclude that the site of the Dingwall <i>thing</i> was a mound in city center already marked with an obelisk, erected
in 1710 by </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Sir George
Mackenzie, the 1<sup>st</sup> Earl of Cromartie</span>. (Following his death, the earl was actually buried
next to the obelisk, meaning that today he is completely surrounded by a
parking lot.) <span style="color: #252525;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-UdArea9eBqc/VQ9EZ2qJu5I/AAAAAAAABDE/EmGGO-Amwsw/s1600/Dingwall%2Bobelisk.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-UdArea9eBqc/VQ9EZ2qJu5I/AAAAAAAABDE/EmGGO-Amwsw/s1600/Dingwall%2Bobelisk.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">That the obelisk mound might have been the site of the assembly
is confirmed by the fact that in the vicinity of the <i>thing</i> there was normally a church, which may, in the Christian era,
have replaced a pagan shrine of old. (In
the case of Dingwall, the absence of pagan burials in the vicinity suggests
that the establishment of the <i>thing</i>
in that area occurred after the coming of Christianity.</span></span><a href="file:///F:/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Gallow%20Hill.docx#_edn3" name="_ednref3" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 14pt;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">) In Dingwall, St.
Clements Church stands just opposite the site of the the earl of Cromartie’s
obelisk, and though t</span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">he
current church dates only from the first decade of the nineteenth century, it
was raised on the site where a church called St. Clements had stood since
medieval times. </span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Now, in addition to a church,
there was one other site associated with the Scandanavian <i>thing: </i>a gallows. When a court case at the <i>thing</i> resulted in a sentence of death, the condemned man would be
taken to a place called in the Norse language a <i>galgeberg, </i>or, in English, Gallow(s) Hill. A continental example of such a site is in
Oslo, Norway, in the neighborhood called
Galgeberg (Gallows Hill), which in medieval times lay outside the town.<a href="file:///F:/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Gallow%20Hill.docx#_edn4" name="_ednref4" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> The
execution site, though typically within view of the <i>thing</i>, was normally separated far enough from it that the smell of
death would not taint the vicinity of the dignified assembly.<a href="file:///F:/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Gallow%20Hill.docx#_edn5" name="_ednref5" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Dingwall’s Gallow Hill was no exception,
being “600 m. west from the medieval town,”<a href="file:///F:/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Gallow%20Hill.docx#_edn6" name="_ednref6" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
according to MacDonald. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-KUWHGysMLZw/VQ9FVdBsCuI/AAAAAAAABDM/ME9GXYBTRoM/s1600/Tulloch%2BCastle.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="133" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-KUWHGysMLZw/VQ9FVdBsCuI/AAAAAAAABDM/ME9GXYBTRoM/s1600/Tulloch%2BCastle.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Tulloch Castle</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">When antiquarian Robert Bain
wrote his <i>History of the Ancient Province
of Ross </i>in 1899, he mentioned Gallow Hill in this way (he mistakenly believed the <i>thing</i> was located near it): “The historic hill itself is situated at the
west end of Dingwall, and, we are sorry to say, has lately, to its great
disfigurement, been in the hands of the Vandals; the profits arising from its
use as a gravel pit outweighing every other consideration whatsoever.” According to MacDonald, this is a reference
to the gravel pit opened on the Tulloch Estate in 1892, which he identifies as “immediately
west of Mill Street.”<a href="file:///F:/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Gallow%20Hill.docx#_edn7" name="_ednref7" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> (The Tulloch Estate is associated with
Tulloch Castle, which lies to the north of Dingwall. The castle was acquired by the Bains in 1513
and the surrounding lands in 1542, when Duncan Bane was made 1<sup>st</sup>
Laird of Tulloch by James V.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Now, there remains only one
point to nail down: the Kemp connection to Gallow Hill. Sometimes after intuition and hard work, one
finds a golden nugget that answers questions about the family tree. Other times, it’s just dumb luck. So it was that as I was researching Gallow
Hill, I stumbled across a charter whereby in 1506, William Kemp, burgess of
Dingwall, was granted lands by Sir John Dingwall, vicar of the churches of
Petty and Bracholy (or “Brachowy,” as the scribe had written it). Among these lands was “an half acre lying
near the Gallowhill between the lands of the [Munro] laird of Foulis on the
west and the lands of William Dingwall on the east.”<a href="file:///F:/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Gallow%20Hill.docx#_edn8" name="_ednref8" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> One of those little light bulbs must have
appeared over my head. The Kemps, it
turned out, had had an association with Gallow Hill long before there was ever
an Anne Kemp (b. 1780) or her father John (b. 1750). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">In 1821, a fellow named John
Wood of Edinburgh surveyed the town of Dingwall and prepared a plan that
researchers still use to study the history of Dingwall. On the far west side of town, just at the
point where Dingwall ends and Gallow Hill takes up, Wood’s plan shows twelve
dwellings, eleven of which were occupied in 1821. They are on Mill Street. And about in the middle of the group there
are two adjacent houses whose owner/occupants are identified as A. Baine and J.
Baine. I’m more than 50 % confident that
the J. Baine of 1821 Dingwall in what has to be the Gallow Hill neighborhood is
the John Baine who married Anne Kemp in 1805.
By this time, all of their children would have been born, except for the
youngest, Katharine, born in 1822. </span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-w7Kn-mlepfw/VQ9GUTCG6iI/AAAAAAAABDU/1sxhMpcsXAU/s1600/Dingwall%2Bplan%2B1821.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="306" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-w7Kn-mlepfw/VQ9GUTCG6iI/AAAAAAAABDU/1sxhMpcsXAU/s1600/Dingwall%2Bplan%2B1821.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">John Wood's Plan of Dingwall, 1821<br />
Gallow Hill area to the west on road running to the north.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The first valuation rolls in
Scotland were not taken until 1865. At
that time, my direct ancestor, John and Anne’s son Donald, a shoemaker, had
moved on to Wick in Caithness. But the
rolls still show another Donald Bain, a mason, in Dingwall . . . on Mill Street
. . . in Gallow Hill. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div>
<!--[if !supportEndnotes]-->(c) Eileen Cunningham 2015<br />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<br />
<div id="edn1">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<a href="file:///F:/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Gallow%20Hill.docx#_ednref1" name="_edn1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""calibri" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
OPR Marriages 062/00 0010 0242 Dingwall.
<i>Scotland’s People.</i> </div>
</div>
<div id="edn2">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<a href="file:///F:/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Gallow%20Hill.docx#_ednref2" name="_edn2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""calibri" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
D[avid]. D. MacDonald. <i>Investigating
Dingwall as </i><i><span style="background: white; color: #252525;">Þingvöllr.</span></i><span style="background: white; color: #252525;"> THING Project. Highland Council. 5. June 2013. Web. 21 Mar. 2015.</span><span style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn3">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<a href="file:///F:/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Gallow%20Hill.docx#_ednref3" name="_edn3" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""calibri" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> MacDonald,
40.</div>
</div>
<div id="edn4">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<a href="file:///F:/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Gallow%20Hill.docx#_ednref4" name="_edn4" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""calibri" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> MacDonald,
7. See footnote.</div>
</div>
<div id="edn5">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<a href="file:///F:/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Gallow%20Hill.docx#_ednref5" name="_edn5" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""calibri" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> MacDonald,
10.</div>
</div>
<div id="edn6">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<a href="file:///F:/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Gallow%20Hill.docx#_ednref6" name="_edn6" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""calibri" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> “Dingwall,
Scotland.” <i>Thing Sites. </i>2011-2015. Web.
21 Mar. 2015. </div>
</div>
<div id="edn7">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<a href="file:///F:/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Gallow%20Hill.docx#_ednref7" name="_edn7" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""calibri" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> MacDonald,
8. (See footnote p. 8 for Bain.)<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn8">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<a href="file:///F:/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Gallow%20Hill.docx#_ednref8" name="_edn8" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""calibri" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <i>Calendar of Writs of Munro of Foulis,
1299-1823. </i>Cited in “William Kemp.” <i>Kemp(e) Family History. </i>12 Aug. 2010.
Web. 21 Mar. 2015. </div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="http://www.geneabloggers.com/">www.geneabloggers.com</a></div>
</div>
</div>
E. Cunninghamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10093850882638921077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462537054197231022.post-55757545393831157282015-03-08T14:52:00.000-07:002015-03-08T15:48:51.849-07:00Military Monday - Resurrecting Cpl. Walter Gard (1839-1864)<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-8gSyQGB7ck4/VPsoXNfZk9I/AAAAAAAABAQ/hyjZeIMB4Ag/s1600/Corporal's%2Bfrock%2Bcoat.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-8gSyQGB7ck4/VPsoXNfZk9I/AAAAAAAABAQ/hyjZeIMB4Ag/s1600/Corporal's%2Bfrock%2Bcoat.jpg" height="200" width="110" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Corporal's Frock Coat<br />
courtesy of Prices4Antiques.com</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Note:
The Morris County, New Jersey, Gards are sometimes found in the records with
the spelling</span></i><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Gard <i>and
sometimes</i> Guard. <i>Even a given individual might be found with
both spellings. As the family moved
west, some retained the</i> Guard <i>spelling
and others opted for</i> Gard. <i>Walter Gard (1839-1864) is found in various
records under both spellings. In this
narrative, I have elected to use the spelling </i>Gard <i>except when it is in direct quotes as</i> Guard.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Now that I have traced my
ancestors back about as far as possible on every branch on the family tree via
Ancestry.com, I have begun to focus more closely on nuclear families on the
tree, following as much as possible the lives, loves, activities, calamities, deaths,
and burials for every brother and sister in a given family, to the extent the resources allow. And thus it was that I came to the sons and
daughters of William James Gard (who seems to have been called James)
(1795-1846) and his wife Keziah Wheeler Gard (1807-1859), who lived in Wood
County, Virginia (later West Virginia).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-EvQM_-Wht74/VPsplw-HXOI/AAAAAAAABAY/amMwDEGtUIc/s1600/Wood%2BCounty%2BVA.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-EvQM_-Wht74/VPsplw-HXOI/AAAAAAAABAY/amMwDEGtUIc/s1600/Wood%2BCounty%2BVA.png" height="178" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Wood County, West Virginia<br />
from<i> Wikipedia</i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">William James Gard was the son
of my fourth great-grandfather, John Gard, Sr. (1742-1824), though not the son
of my fourth great-grandmother, Elizabeth Dudley, but of John’s second wife,
Elizabeth Watson. The list of the
children of William James and Keziah and their (approximate) birth
dates went something like this:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Mary Ann, b. 1824<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Walter (either no birth date or 1824)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Chester, b. 1827<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Marcellus, b. 1832<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Minerva, b. 1832<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Jane, b. 1834<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Elizabeth, b. 1840<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Drucilla, b. 1844<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Emarilla, b. 1844<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Jeremiah Theodore, b. 1848<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">As I looked at the
information, I noticed that the sons were of the age typical of the Civil War
generation. However, no military information
(or any other information, for that matter) was turning up for Chester or
Walter. I had just about come to the
conclusion that these two must have died in infancy, an all too common fate for
families before the twentieth century.
The father had died by the time of the 1850 census, but Keziah shows up
as a widow with several children still living at home: Minerva, Elizabeth,
Drucilla, Jeremiah, and Emarilla. Jane
Gard, age 16 in 1850, was living with the Lemly family (possibly as a
servant). Marcellus, age 19, was living
with the Scofield family; his occupation is given as laborer. But there was no trace of Chester or Walter.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Now, some researchers on
Ancestry.com show another son of William James and Keziah: John Wallis Gard
(1830-1904). I found John Wallis in the
1860 census, married and<span style="color: #0070c0;"> </span>raising a family in
Gallia County, Ohio, which is just a few miles southwest of Wood County,
Virginia. In fact, Gallipolis, the town
where they resided, is on the Ohio River which serves as the border between the
two states. <span style="color: #0070c0;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-0rfHnMOK1NU/VPsqOM2LyeI/AAAAAAAABAg/5qtSyJB9KDI/s1600/Gallia%2BCoiunty%2BOH.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-0rfHnMOK1NU/VPsqOM2LyeI/AAAAAAAABAg/5qtSyJB9KDI/s1600/Gallia%2BCoiunty%2BOH.png" height="200" width="183" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Gallia County, Ohio</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">from <i>Wikipedia</i></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It was in that 1860 census
record that Walter Gard turned up, age 21.
I have since determined that John Wallis Gard, with whom he was
residing, was probably his cousin, rather than his brother, as “Jno W. Gard”
turns up living with his father Jeremiah Gard (1810-82) ten years earlier in
the 1850 census. This Jeremiah, by the
way, was another son of John and Nancy Watson Gard and was married to Elizabeth
Wheeler, who may have been a sister to Keziah Wheeler, though I have found no
trace of either woman’s parents.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Realizing that John Wallis and
his cousin Walter were in the generation that fought the Civil War, I began to
look for military service. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">John Wallis
Gard turned up as having served in the 18<sup>th</sup> Independent Battery of
the Ohio Light Artillery. Submitting a Google search for “Walter Gard
Civil War Ohio,” I discovered an obituary for Walter Guard (with the <i>u</i> spelling ) from the <i>Gallipolis Journal</i>, dated September 21,
1864, and identifying his military unit as Co. G, 4<sup>th</sup> West Virginia
Infantry. This was the key that unlocked
the mystery of what happened to Walter Gard, son of William James and Keziah
Wheeler Gard. <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-T2URkV51Alo/VPsrvG5_5CI/AAAAAAAABAs/eueT0XTIA3E/s1600/Gallipolis%2BJournal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-T2URkV51Alo/VPsrvG5_5CI/AAAAAAAABAs/eueT0XTIA3E/s1600/Gallipolis%2BJournal.jpg" height="200" width="153" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Gallipolis Journal</i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The obituary read: “Walter
Guard, Corporal, age 22, enlisted July 21<sup>st</sup>, 1861, from Gallipolis,
killed at Snicker’s [<i>sic</i>] Ferry, Virginia, July 18<sup>th</sup>,
1864—unmarried.” The fact that he was
unmarried and left no heirs goes some way toward explaining why few have
searched for him on Ancestry.com. Walter’s
unit—Co. G of the 4<sup>th</sup> West Virginia Infantry—was organized at Mason
and Point Pleasant, West Virginia, June 17 to August 22, 1861. Since Point Pleasant is closer to Gallipolis and
also the county seat of Mason County, West Virginia, which is immediately
adjacent to Gallia County, Ohio, it was probably there that Walter Guard
enlisted. He entered service as eighth
corporal, which is just above private, and had been promoted to corporal before
his death.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Walter%20Gard%20blog.docx#_edn1" name="_ednref1" title="">[1]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Walter%20Gard%20blog.docx#_edn1" name="_ednref1" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-LVeu3JXb3ew/VPs3vLyeoBI/AAAAAAAABCM/GNFU7GCsWHU/s1600/Battle%2Bof%2BVicksburg.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-LVeu3JXb3ew/VPs3vLyeoBI/AAAAAAAABCM/GNFU7GCsWHU/s1600/Battle%2Bof%2BVicksburg.png" height="138" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Battle of Vicksburg<br />
from <i>Wikipedia</i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The men of the 4<sup>th</sup> West
Virginia Infantry had seen plenty of action in the war prior to the battle in
which Walter Gard lost his life. Some of
the major conflicts included the Battle of Vicksburg (Mississippi), May 18 – July 4, 1863, where a monument was raised in their honor (see below); the third Battle of
Chattanooga (Tennessee), November 23-25, 1863 (also called the Battle of
Lookout Mountain and the Battle of Missionary Ridge); and the Battle of
Piedmont (Virginia), June 5, 1864.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Walter%20Gard%20blog.docx#_edn2" name="_ednref2" title="">[2]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Walter%20Gard%20blog.docx#_edn2" name="_ednref2" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-TO_Wvi39Bn4/VPssODRA0JI/AAAAAAAABA0/c6Dz5uQLn6g/s1600/Col%2BJoseph%2BThoburn.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-TO_Wvi39Bn4/VPssODRA0JI/AAAAAAAABA0/c6Dz5uQLn6g/s1600/Col%2BJoseph%2BThoburn.jpg" height="200" width="128" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Col. Joseph Thoburn</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(1825-1864)</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In July 1864, Walter’s unit,
led by Col. Joseph Thoburn and under the command of Maj. Gen. Horatio Wright,
was asked to interfere with the movement of Confederate Lt. Gen. Jubal Early’s
defeated troops from the Battle of Fort Stevens near Washington, D.C., as they
moved into the Shenandoah Valley in Virginia.
On the 17<sup>th</sup>, Early entered the valley and established his
troops at Berryville, leaving a division led by Gen. John B. Gordon to guard
Snickers Ford on the Shenandoah River. Wright,
under the mistaken impression that only a strong rearguard of Confederates was
at Snickers Ford, ordered Col. Thoburn’s men—Walter Gard among them—to cross
at Island Ford, and they set out at about 3:00 p.m. While crossing, Thoburn learned from
Confederate prisoners they had taken, that his men were about to face off not
with a mere rebel rearguard, but with the greater part of Early’s army. Sending word back to Wright, Thoburn pressed
on across the ford.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Walter%20Gard%20blog.docx#_edn3" name="_ednref3" title="">[3]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Walter%20Gard%20blog.docx#_edn3" name="_ednref3" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">At this point, let us transfer
the narrative to an eyewitness account of the battle, which appeared in the <i>Gallipolis Journal</i> on August 4, 1864:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Camp 4th Va.V.V. Inftry., in the field near Snickers Gap,
Va., July 19th, 1864<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Mr. Stewart: </span><span style="background: white; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><i>Sir:</i></span><span style="text-align: start;"><i> </i></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><i>Thinking a brief
statement of facts in regard to yesterday's fight may not be uninteresting to
your patrons, many of whom have friends and relatives in the 4th Va. Inftry. I
hereby subjoin one the source of which is perfectly reliable. I was not a participant.
I will commence by stating the order of crossing the Shenandoah river at
Snickers Ford, distant from Snickers Gap one mile and a half and about one mile
below the crossing on the Turnpike.</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-uSNgcClAwW8/VPssbzvSouI/AAAAAAAABA8/FXItIte4Hyk/s1600/Snickers%2BGap.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-uSNgcClAwW8/VPssbzvSouI/AAAAAAAABA8/FXItIte4Hyk/s1600/Snickers%2BGap.jpg" height="150" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Snickers Gap (Blue Ridge Mountains)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
The 1st Brigade under Col. Wells in the advance followed by the 2nd Brigade
under Col. Thoburn and 3rd Brigade under Col. Frost. The whole commanded by
Col. Thoburn crossed at 3 o'clock P.M. Skirmishers were immediately thrown out
to the front and the Div., formed as follows, 1st Brigade on the left, 3rd Brigade
in the center, and the 2nd Brigade on the right. In this position they lay for
nearly an hour without any show of hostility and indeed without scarcely any
indication of the enemy in our front. Up to this time, not a shot was
fired.—But now it was discovered that the enemy were massing on our right. The
4th Va. Inftry. was ordered on the double quick to the extreme right and formed
near the crest of a small ridge running paralell [sic] with the river. Still
further to the right and a little in advance of the 4th Va. was placed a strong
body of Dismounted Cavalry as skirmishers and for the protection of the right
flank of the line of battle. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-io2tdZfaMms/VPtFGRhlr7I/AAAAAAAABCc/afPgrN3AD10/s1600/Shenandoah%2BRiver.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-io2tdZfaMms/VPtFGRhlr7I/AAAAAAAABCc/afPgrN3AD10/s1600/Shenandoah%2BRiver.jpg" height="149" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Shenandoah River at Cool Spring</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Courtesy of the Civil War Trust</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Whilst the 4th Va. Inftry. were forming, the enemy
were seen in a strong force moving to the right and into a dense woods.—They
here threw out into the skirt of the woods and in full view, a small line in
order to make a show of charging us, whilst the main body of the enemy passed
on under cover of the woods until they got entirely clear of our line and
within three hundred yards of the Charlestown road which runs parallel with the
river and along which our line extended. They then filed out of the woods and
marched directly toward the river bank. The dismounted cavalry, which were
placed on our right to protect our flank seeing the enemy bearing down upon
them in such heavy force, fell back without firing a shot. Col. J. L. Vance of
the 4th Va. Inftry. immediately then took two companies to the right to protect
our flank thus left wholly exposed. But the enemy availing themselves of the
advantage thus gained had already taken position behind a stone fence running
at right angles to our line. From this point they poured upon us a terrible
enfilading fire. Simultaneously a galling fire was opened on us in front. Here Lt.
G. W. Scott was killed, a loss severely felt by all.—He was an efficient
officer and a perfect gentleman. His relatives and friends at home have the
sympathy of the entire regiment. Here also Capt. W. S. Hall & Capt. C. A.
Shepard and Lt. M. Christopher were wounded; indeed here it was that all our
loss occurred.<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-dyNTWxrT1v4/VPsu_MOPYoI/AAAAAAAABBI/UzI_Bcolyw0/s1600/Battle%2Bof%2BCool.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-dyNTWxrT1v4/VPsu_MOPYoI/AAAAAAAABBI/UzI_Bcolyw0/s1600/Battle%2Bof%2BCool.jpg" height="305" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Battle of Cool Spring, Confederate's First Attack, July 18, 1864<br />
Image courtesy of the Civil War Trust</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
This situation however was not to be endured. Col. Vance seeing there was no
other alternative, gave the command to fall back, whereupon they fell back in
some haste to a stone fence some fifty yards in our rear and immediately upon
the river bank. The whole line, as well upon the left as upon the right fell
back to the river bank. A great many especially Dismounted Cavalry, rushed into
the river and I have learned many were drowned. At the stone fence on the bank
of the river Col. Vance rallied the 4th Va. and others and formed line, the
advance of the enemy was now checked and driven back, that body on our right
however, continued their flank movement until it was discovered they were in the
road and on the bank of the river. At this movement the 116th O.V. Inftry.,
commanded by Col. Washburn came to our assistance and while moving to the right
its noble commander fell probably mortally wounded. But the men drove the
rebels off the road and took up position. And here let me in praise of the
116th say that better soldiers are nowhere to be found. We maintained our
position at the fence until dark and then under imperative orders recrossed the
river bringing all off safely. We could have held the position all night and
Col. Vance requested it but it was denied him.<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-DYXSI4o5Mjw/VPswjKsscDI/AAAAAAAABBc/XfqMTmtUKf8/s1600/Cool%2BSpring%2BBattlefield.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-DYXSI4o5Mjw/VPswjKsscDI/AAAAAAAABBc/XfqMTmtUKf8/s1600/Cool%2BSpring%2BBattlefield.jpg" height="120" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Cool Spring Battlefield<br />
from <i>Wikipedia</i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
During the time we lay along the fence the enemy made repeated charges upon us
and each time were handsomely repulsed. They did not once attempt a swooping
charge of their whole line else they must have certainly taken us. But they
charged first at one point and then at another. We were compelled when the
enemy charged on our right to take men from the left to strengthen the right
and thus the men were kept continually changing from point to point. At one
time the enemy charged on our left with a strong line and was repulsed by less
than fifty men. As they retreated fresh men were brought up and they were
punished severely.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-hfvmpn6O9-Y/VPsves85rPI/AAAAAAAABBQ/tKYC7MyriTY/s1600/Battle%2Bof%2BCool%2BSpring%2Bmarker.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-hfvmpn6O9-Y/VPsves85rPI/AAAAAAAABBQ/tKYC7MyriTY/s1600/Battle%2Bof%2BCool%2BSpring%2Bmarker.png" height="151" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Battle of Cool Spring Marker</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
The officers and men of our Regt. behaved nobly. In bringing off our little
command Col. Vance withdrew a few men at intervals along the line and sent them
over on to a little island that lay near the middle of the river.—He then
selected a few more and ordered them to the main bank on the opposite side of the
river and this he continued to do until all had passed over except himself and
six men, these he crossed successfully having accomplished all without the loss
of a man. The heroic conduct of Col. Vance in the trying ordeal cannot be too
highly extolled. He labored incessantly to beat back the insolent foe and after
having accomplished his object was the last man to cross the river.<br />
<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">KILLED<br />
Co. F—1st Lieut. George A. Scott; Private Daniel McNeer<br />
Co. D—Corporal George Howsen<br />
Co. I—Sergt. Francis M. Clendinen<br />
Co. G—<b>Corpl. Walter Guard</b>, Privates
Moses Knapp and Isaac N. Kitterman<br />
Co. B—Private John Kinser<br />
<br />
WOUNDED<br />
Co. G—Privates George Wallace in leg, slightly; George W. Flesher, also in leg,
slightly<br />
Co. B—Privates Joseph B. Pursinger, in shoulder, severely; Lewis P. Cubbage, in
shoulder, severely; Andrew Roberts, in arm, severely<br />
Co. K—1st Sergeant John C. Hailay, slightly; Corp. Anthony Betts, in face,
slightly<br />
Co. C—Corp. John Samson, in arm, severely; W.W. Edmonds, in arm, amputated;
Privates John Terrill, in hand, George W. Townsend, in hand, slightly Co. H—1st
Lieut. Michael Christopher, in leg, severely; Private I. Terrill, in hand,
slightly<br />
Co. A—Sergt. Thomas Pascoe, in thigh, slightly; N. N. Knight, in face, slightly<br />
Co. F—Capt. W. S. Hall, in side, severely; Sergt. F. D. Chalfant, in side,
severely; Privates: David Hamilton, in right shoulder, severely; B. A. Safreed,
in knee, severely; Allen Robinson, in shoulder, severely<br />
Co. D—Private J. A. Lewellen, in hip, slightly<br />
Co. I—Capt. C. A. Shepard, in foot, severely<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
P. S. By later intelligence I learn that Lieut. Scott was not killed, but was
most probably fatally wounded.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>
Very Respectfully Yours &c.,</span><span style="text-align: start;"> </span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="text-align: start;"> </span>
J.A.W.</span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Walter%20Gard%20blog.docx#_edn4" name="_ednref4" title="">[4]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Walter%20Gard%20blog.docx#_edn4" name="_ednref4" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><br /></span></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-LZmN3fEQrtY/VPsx0OdZj2I/AAAAAAAABBs/7fZqTRrBfn4/s1600/Winchester%2BNational%2BCemetery%2B3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-LZmN3fEQrtY/VPsx0OdZj2I/AAAAAAAABBs/7fZqTRrBfn4/s1600/Winchester%2BNational%2BCemetery%2B3.jpg" height="200" width="150" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Winchester National Cemetery<br />
from <i>Wikimedia Commons</i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">According to
the U. S. Burial Registers for Military Posts and National Cemeteries, Walter Gard
(listed as W. Guard) was initially buried at Cool Spring, no doubt alongside
others who fell that day.<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Walter%20Gard%20blog.docx#_edn5" name="_ednref5" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 14pt;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> However, after the war, the government established national cemeteries for the war dead, and in 1866 Walter’s body
was re-interred at Winchester National Cemetery in Winchester, Virginia (Section 83, Site 3887).<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Walter%20Gard%20blog.docx#_edn6" name="_ednref6" title="">[6]</a></span></span></span></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-yvlYQmUhAe0/VPs0xsFIvuI/AAAAAAAABCA/siBQvYHXkLg/s1600/West%2BVirginia%2BMemorial%2B2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-yvlYQmUhAe0/VPs0xsFIvuI/AAAAAAAABCA/siBQvYHXkLg/s1600/West%2BVirginia%2BMemorial%2B2.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">West Virginia Monument at Vicksburg<br />
Dedicated to the West Virginia 4th Infantry<br />
National Park Service Image</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Walter%20Gard%20blog.docx#_edn6" name="_ednref6" title=""><!--[endif]--></a>
<o:p></o:p>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Walter’s
cousin, John Wallis Gard, was mustered out of the service at </span><span style="background: white; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Resaca, Georgia, on June 29, 1865,
and returned to Gallipolis, where his last child, Mary Jane, was born in 1866. He eventually returned with his family to
West Virginia, where he died in 1904. Walter’s
memory was honored by his younger brother, Jeremiah Theodore Gard, who named
his son Otis Walter. Otis later became
Reverend Otis Walter Gard and served the Baptist Church in Willow Island, West
Virginia, a small community in Pleasants County, where many Gards resided. He is buried in the church graveyard there.</span><br />
<span style="background: white; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<span style="background: white; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">(c) Eileen Cunningham, 2015</span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div>
<!--[if !supportEndnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<br />
<div id="edn1">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Walter%20Gard%20blog.docx#_ednref1" name="_edn1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">“Civil War Soldiers.” <i>FindTheBest.com. </i>2015.
Web. 4 Mar. 2015. <a href="http://civil-war-soldiers.findthebest.com/l/2211151/Walter-Guard">http://civil-war-soldiers.findthebest.com/l/2211151/Walter-Guard</a>
</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn2">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Walter%20Gard%20blog.docx#_ednref2" name="_edn2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
National Park Service. “Union West Virginia Volunteers: 4<sup>th</sup>
Regiment, West Virginia Infantry.” <i>The
Civil War. </i> 28 Feb. 2015. Web. 5 Mar.
2015. <a href="http://www.nps.gov/civilwar/search-battle-units-detail.htm?battleUnitCode=UWV0004RI">http://www.nps.gov/civilwar/search-battle-units-detail.htm?battleUnitCode=UWV0004RI</a>
</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn3">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Walter%20Gard%20blog.docx#_ednref3" name="_edn3" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <a href="http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/cool-spring.html"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/cool-spring.html</span></a></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn4">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Walter%20Gard%20blog.docx#_ednref4" name="_edn4" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Transcribed
by Eve Swain Hughes. <i>Gallia County
Genealogical Society.</i> <span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Accessed 5 Mar. 2015. <a href="http://www.galliagenealogy.org/Civil%20War/MainCWletters/milton.htm">http://www.galliagenealogy.org/Civil%20War/MainCWletters/milton.htm</a>
</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn5">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Walter%20Gard%20blog.docx#_ednref5" name="_edn5" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Ancestry.com.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><em><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">U.S., Burial
Registers, Military Posts and National Cemeteries, 1862-1960</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"> [database
on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn6">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Walter%20Gard%20blog.docx#_ednref6" name="_edn6" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">National Cemetery Administration.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><em><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">U.S. Veterans Gravesites, ca.1775-2006</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"> [database
on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2006.<a href="http://www.geneabloggers.com/">www.geneabloggers.com</a></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
E. Cunninghamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10093850882638921077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462537054197231022.post-77157913494012156642015-01-20T20:59:00.004-08:002021-01-03T23:38:19.604-08:00Workaday Wednesday - Jeremiah Gard and the Iron Men of Morris County, New Jersey<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-2VM0XPpZesY/VL8isQYZJJI/AAAAAAAAA9g/spa2Myx_MX8/s1600/Colonial%2Bflag%2B2.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-2VM0XPpZesY/VL8isQYZJJI/AAAAAAAAA9g/spa2Myx_MX8/s1600/Colonial%2Bflag%2B2.png" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Jeremiah Gard
(1717-1783) and his siblings were all born in Stonington, Connecticut, to Joseph
Gard (1675 - c. 1726) and his wife Mary Ball (1675 – c. 1724), where they grew
up in the First Congregational Church of Stonington, a Puritan church in a
Puritan colony. How it came to pass that several members of the family would
find their way from Stonington to Morris County, New Jersey, may, in fact, be
tied up a bit with colonial theological conflicts.</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />Jeremiah’s
sister Mary (b. 1697) married a man named David Culver (sometimes spelled
Colver), whose family were also members of the First Congregational Church (Am.
Gen. 144; History of First Cong. Church 200).
Presumably the couple were married in that church, but the published
historical records of the church do not contain a record of their marriage.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-GBsT84JB8N8/VL8jyhO21BI/AAAAAAAAA9k/Wg7xW2-EVCY/s1600/First%2BCongregational%2BChurch%2BStonington.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-GBsT84JB8N8/VL8jyhO21BI/AAAAAAAAA9k/Wg7xW2-EVCY/s1600/First%2BCongregational%2BChurch%2BStonington.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">First Congregational Church, Stonington, CT</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Now, David
Culver had a brother named John Culver, Jr., who married a woman named Sarah
Long. These two (John and Sarah) left
the Congregational Church and associated themselves with the Rogerenes, a
Quaker-like sect which had been outlawed by Puritan Connecticut. Notes about the actions of the Rogerenes in
the community of Stonington, Connecticut, depict them as a rather troublesome
folk who would interrupt church meetings by shouting disagreeable things and
making themselves a general nuisance. Be
that as it may, being a bit disorderly does not merit the kind of punishment
that the Rogerenes would receive—including incarceration and flogging, men and women alike (Williams
34). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Though the
Rogerenes remained in Connecticut for some time, they left for the Morris
County region of New Jersey sometime in the 1730s—some sources saying 1730-32;
others, 1734; and still others, 1735 (Colver 60; Pitney 503; Williams
272). They settled on the east side of
Schooley’s Mountain, where they remained for three years before removing to
Monmouth County (they eventually returned to Schooley’s Mountain eleven years
after that). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">John Culver,
Jr., and his wife Sarah were the leaders of this group, which was actually the
second wave of Rogerenes to settle in Morris County. Apparently, there was enough distinction between
the groups that the latter-arriving group were, in fact, referred to as
“Culverites.” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-eU4CvKMaWb4/VL8kUleHtjI/AAAAAAAAA9s/UBBU71FrL4g/s1600/Morristown%2BPresby.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-eU4CvKMaWb4/VL8kUleHtjI/AAAAAAAAA9s/UBBU71FrL4g/s1600/Morristown%2BPresby.jpg" width="136" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Morristown Presbyterian <br />
Church</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Now, since
the Stonington Gards also made their appearance in Morris County, New Jersey,
at about this time, one has to wonder if there was a connection. Mary Gard Culver was not a Rogerene, and
neither she nor her husband joined the movement to New Jersey. Still, it is possible that through this
Culver connection, Jeremiah and his brothers Daniel, William, and Joseph (all
of the male children of Joseph Gard) “lit out for the territory,” so to speak,
around the same time as the “Culverites.”
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">In
Morristown, New Jersey, the Gards affiliated themselves with the Morristown
Presbyterian Church, which would have been more closely aligned with the theology
of the Congregationalist Church than with the Rogerenes, and there is nothing
to indicate they were ever part of the Rogerene sect. Still, it is possible they might have
disagreed with the draconian punishments being inflicted on the sect in
Stonington, or possibly they were just ready for a change and heard about
opportunities in New Jersey. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">From a
strictly economic point of view, there was certainly an attraction there to
young men willing to work—the ironworks industry. Here it would be worthwhile to drop back and
review what had been going on in the area for about thirty to thirty-five years
prior to the arrival of the Gard brothers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Beginning as
early as 1695, first the Dutch and then the English had begun settlements along
the Whippany River. Local historians
state the Dutch were soon “making iron from Succasunna iron ore” (Sherman). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The names <i>Whippany</i> and <i>Succasunna</i> (sometimes rendered as </span><i><span style="font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Suceasunna</span></i><span style="font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">)</span><span style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> both derive from
Native American words. The word<i> whippenung</i>, which meant “place of
willows,” became associated with the river since the willow trees from which
the Indians made their arrows grew along its banks. The word <i>whippenung</i>
had also become the common word for <i>arrow</i>
among the Indians of the region (Sherman 25).
The language of the Lenni-Lenape provided the word <i>Succasunna</i>, meaning <i>black
rock</i>, a reference to the abundant iron ore in the area. This ore was readily available on the surface
of the ground and “was to be had by simply picking it up.” Archaeological
discoveries have shown that the Indians were the first to use the ore, making
weapons and other implements needful to them (13-14).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: Garamond, serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><br /></span></span><span style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-AkbDET2qrNk/VL8k50h66WI/AAAAAAAAA90/BTIlfLCg6mQ/s1600/Whippany%2BRiver.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-AkbDET2qrNk/VL8k50h66WI/AAAAAAAAA90/BTIlfLCg6mQ/s1600/Whippany%2BRiver.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Whippany River of Morris County</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><span style="font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">By 1710, the forges of Morris
County had become well enough established that new settlers arriving from
Newark and Elizabethtown would refer to them to as “the <i>old</i> iron works,” and the first
church in the area was built on the banks of the Whippany “100 rods below the
forge.” The first forge on the Whippany
was that of John Ford and Judge John Budd.
In 1845, a former resident of the area recalled the forge, saying, “I was born in </span><span style="font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">1778. I have seen old timbers
said to have been a part of the old forge at Whippany. It stood at the west end
</span><span style="font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">of the cotton mill dam, between the river and the road.” The smelting process by which pure iron was
extracted from the ore was conducted in a “small and rudely constructed
building” on the site (Sherman 12-13). </span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">From the mine at
Succasunna (later owned by Captain Peter Dickerson’s family), horses were used
to haul the ore in leather bags a distance of twenty miles from the mine to the
forge. Then, after being converted into
iron bars, “it was bent to fit the back of a horse, and in the same way transported
to Newark and Elizabethtown, and thence by small sailing vessels and rowboats
to New York,” a two-day journey (Sherman 14).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Our knowledge of Jeremiah
Gard’s association with the forges of Morris County comes from a deposition
given in 1852 by eighty-six-year-old Jacob Losey, whose name is strongly associated
with the ironworks industry of the area.
Losey was called to the courthouse as an old-timer in hopes that he
could recall some details relating to the Gard family in the period shortly
before and after the Revolution, this being part of a twenty-year-long struggle
of Daniel Gard’s heirs to receive his military pension. On December 15, Losey stated that before the
Revolution, Daniel “was at that time a young and unmarried man and worked <i>in his father’s forge at a place called
Ninkey</i> in Morris County. After the
close of the war he returned home with a wife and one or two children and again
worked <i>in the family forge</i>” (“Gard or
Guard” Image 144) [emphasis mine].<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The Ninkey forge was located
in the southern portion of Denville township on Den Brook, a tributary of the
Rockaway River. It was one of four
forges on that stream, the others being Shongum, Franklin, and Coleraine
(earlier called Cold Rain) (Pitney 27). Interestingly, the Ninkey site actually sat on
the 3,750 acres in southern Denville township which had been in the possession
of William Penn from 1715 to his death in 1718 (Bianco 9). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">According to the Morris County Tourism Bureau, "Between 1730 and 1760, several forges and mills were erected in Denville [township] along the Rockaway River and the Denbrook. A number of communities associated with the forges and mills began to emerge. Ninkey and Franklin in southern Denville developed around the forges there of the same names" ("Denville").</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">It is not known who built the
Ninkey forge, and I have come across no books or manuscripts related to the
forges of Morris County that specify Jeremiah Gard’s ownership of the
forge. Without the sworn statement of
Jacob Losey, the association of the Gards with the Ninkey forge would, no
doubt, have been lost in the mists of history, as they say.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Garamond, serif;">In the mid-1770s, when the tensions between the Crown and the colonies became a full-scale revolution, t</span></span><span style="font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">he mines and forges of Morris
County were uniquely poised to assist in the war effort as part of what today
we’d call the war industry.</span><span style="font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-oQo1Uj4HJcI/VL8nYIcuCWI/AAAAAAAAA-A/ZCH-3-xrmGI/s1600/Speedwell%2Biron%2Bforge.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="213" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-oQo1Uj4HJcI/VL8nYIcuCWI/AAAAAAAAA-A/ZCH-3-xrmGI/s1600/Speedwell%2Biron%2Bforge.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Speedwell Iron Forge Owned by the Vail Family of Morristown</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">As the colonists had begun to
defy the English king in his prohibition of industrialization in the colonies,
ironworks had flourished to such a degree that “beginning in East Jersey, the
iron industry. . . eventually led the combined Atlantic colonies to rank third
in the world in iron production, a full fifteen percent of the total output”
(Kennedy), and by the time of the Revolutionary War, Morris County had become “<span style="background: white;">the principle smelting center of the
United States” (Cooney). During the war,
Rockaway township forge men at Hibernia, Mount Hope, and Split Rock played a
significant role in producing shovels, axes, cannon, cannon balls, and
grapeshot for the Continental Army (“About”).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-RdqVTMmabSU/VL8n9bKETbI/AAAAAAAAA-I/iasow2-UBJw/s1600/Dickerson's%2BTavern.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-RdqVTMmabSU/VL8n9bKETbI/AAAAAAAAA-I/iasow2-UBJw/s1600/Dickerson's%2BTavern.jpg" width="136" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dickerson's Tavern</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="background: white;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="background: white;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">As matters
with England deteriorated, many in Morris County rallied to organize regiments. Peter Dickerson’s tavern in Morristown became
a hotbed of the patriot cause, and all involved knew of the vital resource they
had nearby in the ironworks industry.
For example, they would have known that </span><span style="font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Col. Jacob
Ford, Jr., was mixing and granulating saltpeter, sulphur, and charcoal into
gunpowder</span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> (Sherman 122). <span style="background: white;">Notably, at the second meeting at Dickerson’s tavern,
on May 2, 1776, the men voted to purchase 500 pounds of powder and a ton of
lead “to be kept in a magazine for the use of the regiment of 300 men soon to
be organized” (167).</span> In addition,
the provincial government lent Ford £2,000 to increase production, asking that
the loan be repaid in gunpowder, one ton per month (123). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Wsik9o_EoXM/VL8pkWlZQ9I/AAAAAAAAA-c/Yiu8KeheD6I/s1600/Ford%2BMansion%2B2.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="118" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Wsik9o_EoXM/VL8pkWlZQ9I/AAAAAAAAA-c/Yiu8KeheD6I/s1600/Ford%2BMansion%2B2.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Ford Mansion at Morristown</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">In October 1779, the
Continental Army settled in at Jockey Hollow in Morris township, in which
Washington’s capital at Morristown, New Jersey, was located. During those harsh winter months, which
Washington himself described as “intensely cold and freezing,” military supply
came in large part from the iron forges in Roxbury and Randolph townships, and
it was prosperous mine owner Col. Jacob Ford, Jr., who gave shelter to Washington and his entourage during
that time (Seidel; “Mining”). The army remained encamped in the Morristown
vicinity until the following summer, and, as an aside, it is interesting to
note that the tavern owned by Captain Peter Dickerson was the site of the court-martial of Benedict Arnold on charges of profiteering from military supplies in December of that year.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Of course, at the same time
the local resources were a boon to the American cause, there was always the
danger that the British would try to seize control of them. Tories, those who remained loyal to the
monarchy, would have been ready enough to inform British spies about the war
materi</span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">é</span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">l being produced near their homes. Still, discovering and seizing the mills
would not be an easy task. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">For one thing, nature itself
provided some protection. Just to reach Ford’s powder mill on the
Whippany, for example, one had to negotiate a path through an “impenetrable thicket.” It was never discovered by the British
(122). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-5ND0sjukRSU/VL8uR9AuiMI/AAAAAAAAA_E/fV0eOopp3Kw/s1600/powder%2Bkeg.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-5ND0sjukRSU/VL8uR9AuiMI/AAAAAAAAA_E/fV0eOopp3Kw/s1600/powder%2Bkeg.jpg" width="117" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Revolutionary War era<br />
powder keg</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Trickery was also used. “Bustling” Benoni Hathaway, a colonel whose
family was long involved with the ironworks industry in the region, had charge
of Ford’s mill during the war, and if the output of gunpowder was lower than
usual, he would have barrels filled with sand and placed about so that spies
would think the production was ongoing (123).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The early attempts by the
British to seek out and destroy these mills were normally undertaken by small
detachments of horsemen. Colonel Jacob
Ford, Jr., and his battalion of Morris County militia successfully foiled their
first attempt to use Ford’s own gunpowder to destroy his mill (199). However in December 1776, the British General
Alexander Leslie brought with him a much larger force than usual. When Ford got wind of the General’s movement,
he marched his battalion to Springfield, where he encountered Leslie’s men on
the fourteenth. As Andrew Sherman wrote,
“The British commander received so convincing a
demonstration of the high quality of Morristown gunpowder, and of the
corresponding efficiency of Morris County militia, that he unceremoniously retreated
toward Spanktown . . .” (200).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The French
government had been watching the movements of the Americans closely, trying to
determine the degree to which they should become involved—if at all, and this
first battle at Springfield was definitely convincing. As one writer put it,</span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> “When
the French Government heard of the battle of Springfield, fought as it was, by
militia alone, they made up their minds to assist our struggling forefathers” (200).
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-yTJicSkpgyU/VL8vdjXGvXI/AAAAAAAAA_M/rrvA3hFobnc/s1600/hibernia%2Bmine.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-yTJicSkpgyU/VL8vdjXGvXI/AAAAAAAAA_M/rrvA3hFobnc/s1600/hibernia%2Bmine.jpg" width="189" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Hibernia Mine, Morris County, NJ</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Naturally, as more and more
men from Morris County joined the militias and the Continental Line, fewer men
were available to work the mines and forges.
Therefore, <span style="background: white;">Charles
Hoff, manager of the Hibernia mine, wrote Governor William Livingston on July
27, 1777, seeking an exemption from military service for his employees. He noted that General Washington had once
given such an exemption and reinforced his request by quantifying the
importance of their work to the war effort, saying, “We made the last year for
public service upwards of one hundred and twenty tons of shot of different
kinds” (<i>History </i>51). The legislature responded on the following
October 7 by exempting several Morris County ironworkers (perhaps as many as
twenty-five) from military service. </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="background: white;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="background: white;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Still
concerned that twenty-five exemptions were not enough, Hoff hit on another idea
to bolster the number of iron workers. Hearing
that deserters from King George’s troops—both British and Hessian—were
languishing in Philadelphia, Hoff sent a message to Brigadier General William
Winds, a Morris County man himself, requesting that men from this pool be
allowed to work for him. The bearer of the letter was Charles’s brother, John
Hoff, who would “engage as many men as he thinks proper, such as are used to
cut wood in the winter season and can assist in the coaling business during the
summer season, and a few other tradesmen” (History 51). He particularly requested men who could speak
English, but it is known that Hessians were amongst the men who returned to
Morris County with the deserters-turned-Jerseymen as the names of their
descendants are well represented in county records in subsequent years. Apparently enough Hessians were willing
enough to become POW mine workers that some were sent to another mine owner,
John Jacob Faesch (McGlynn). <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-0figBDjYqSE/VL8qxsXXbuI/AAAAAAAAA-k/7g1TRpHV1eI/s1600/Hessian%2Bsoldiers.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-0figBDjYqSE/VL8qxsXXbuI/AAAAAAAAA-k/7g1TRpHV1eI/s1600/Hessian%2Bsoldiers.jpg" width="120" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Hessians captured<br />
at Trenton taken to<br />
Philadelphia</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
<span style="background: white; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">From
Losey’s testimony that Daniel Gard returned to his work in “the family’s forge”
after the war, we can conclude that the Gards' forge at Ninkey maintained its
production during the war years. One can
only speculate as to whether the men Hoff brought from Philadelphia worked
there. Of the Gard family itself,
fifty-nine-year-old Jeremiah and most of his sons, left the area to fight the
British. Jeremiah and Daniel both
entered the service as privates in Captain Dickerson’s Company, Daniel being
wounded at Staten Island about a year and a half later but continuing in
service to the war effort as a Commissary scalesman. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
<span style="background: white; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">It
is perhaps a bit difficult to imagine the exact duties of a nearly
sixty-year-old man on a military campaign, but since recruits were desperately
needed, George Washington observed that older men “had been inlisted upon such
Terms, that they may be dismissed when other Troops arrive.” He went on to note that, despite the
challenges of recruitment and supply, “there are Materials for a good Army, a
great Number of Men, able-bodied, Active, Zealous in the Cause and of
unquestionable Courage” (Washington).
This suggests that perhaps Jeremiah was up to the task of serving his
country as long as he was needed, but may have been allowed to return to Morris
County and continue at his forge in the war industry when a replacement could
be found. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-aT6HHUKia9E/VL8sWR9MyaI/AAAAAAAAA-w/w1kmCFBCwWI/s1600/Wagon%2BRev%2Bera.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="150" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-aT6HHUKia9E/VL8sWR9MyaI/AAAAAAAAA-w/w1kmCFBCwWI/s1600/Wagon%2BRev%2Bera.JPG" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Revolutionary War era Conestoga wagon</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Ephraim,
40, died of dysentery on November 21, 1776 (his mother dying the same day of
the same disease), and he appears not to have been in military service before
that. Daniel, 19, who has already been
mentioned, served as a wagoner in the New Jersey line. Gershom, age 40, was a minuteman in the </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">e</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">astern
regiment of the New Jersey militia and a continental paymaster in New Jersey
until 1783. Jeremiah the Younger, 32,
was a private in the militia from Westmorland County, Pennsylvania, where he
resided at the time. John, 34, and
Jacob, 26, both served in the New Jersey militia, John as a wagon master and
Jacob as a captain in the western battalion. </span><span style="background: white; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Persons under the age of eighteen were excluded from service, which
explains why Jeremiah’s youngest son, Timothy, 14, remained at home, but </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Alexander, only 15, somehow
managed to bypass the age-limit and served as a private in the militia as well. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">That
leaves Jeremiah’s sons Cornelius, then 27, and Moses, 38, still on the home front
during the war, probably protecting the women and children and perhaps keeping
the Ninkey contribution to the war effort going.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">The war ended in February 1783. </span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Losey states that Daniel
returned to his work in “the family’s forge” when he went back to Morris County
after his discharge on June 5, 1783. A
month and a half later, on July 19, his father, Jeremiah Gard, died. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Three years later, the Gard
brothers became part of the great westward expansion of the post-war period. At that time, Gershom, David, and Alexander
Gard (three of Jeremiah’s sons) sold the Ninkey forge to Judge John Cleves
Symmes (“Gard or Guard” Im. 183). Then,
when Symmes went west to manage the area in the Miami Basin that goes by his
name (the Symmes Purchase), the three Gard brothers went westward to Ohio with
him. According to a history of Morris County written in 1882, Ninkey was owned by Abraham and John Kinney in 1796 and sold to Caleb Russel in 1799, eventually being rebuilt several times (History of Morris County, 42).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Though three of the Gard brothers went west, one brother, Daniel, remained
in Morris County and continued to work as a forge man at what was called the “Valley
forge” in the Berkshire Valley, later known as Baker’s forge (“Gard or Guard”
Im. 190). <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-P_MGj-9iVPk/VL8sxgQS5rI/AAAAAAAAA-4/ILdn2E5Q3RU/s1600/John%2BCleves%2BSymmes.png" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-P_MGj-9iVPk/VL8sxgQS5rI/AAAAAAAAA-4/ILdn2E5Q3RU/s1600/John%2BCleves%2BSymmes.png" width="130" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">It was at that forge on
January 1, 1806, that Daniel Gard suffered a terrible blow to his right arm
which resulted in the amputation of the arm near the shoulder (“Gard or Guard”
Im. 121), ending his career as a forge man.
However, that did not end the involvement of the Gard family with the
iron industry of Morris County. The U. S.
Census records of 1850 show that Daniel’s son Jeremiah Gard (b. 1801) was not
only a miner in Morris County, but may have been a supervisor at some level,
based on the fact that named at the same “residence” in Randolph township were
not only his own family, but thirty men identified as miners. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Through marriage, the Gards
became associated with other owners of mines and forges. Below is a list of the marriages among the
various folks who are known to have been involved in the ironworks of Morris
County:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Jeremiah
Gard</span></b><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">
(b. 1717) owned Ninkey forge.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Jeremiah’s son <b>Gershom Gard</b> (b. 1735) married Phebe Huntington, sister of mine
owner Deacon John Huntington. They
resided at Ninkey.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Gershom’s daughter <b>Jemima Gard</b> (b. 1769) married Peter Keen, son of mine owner Captain
James Keen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Jeremiah’s son <b>Alexander Gard</b> (b. 1761) married Hannah Keen (b. 1765), the
daughter of mine owner Captain James Keen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Jeremiah’s son <b>Daniel Gard</b> (b. 1755) worked at Ninkey Forge and Berkshire Valley
Forge.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Daniel’s daughter <b>Rebecca Gard</b> (b. 1746) married Nathan Hathaway, nephew of mine
owner Jonathan Hathaway and cousin of “bustling” Benoni Hathaway.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SwoJF_bRNuQ/VL86NlwicjI/AAAAAAAAA_w/ik0YP-qp1cI/s1600/Iron%2BForge.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SwoJF_bRNuQ/VL86NlwicjI/AAAAAAAAA_w/ik0YP-qp1cI/s1600/Iron%2BForge.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>An Iron Forge, </i>Joseph Wright, 1772</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="background: white; color: #000020; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The
many stories associated with the mines and forges of Morris County put a human face
on the men who labored in the iron industry to help build this nation before it
even was a nation—Captain Peter Dickerson’s foresight in linking the forges to
the war effort; Jacob Ford’s defeat of General Leslie and, later, his ton of
gunpowder per month; Charles Hoff’s
initiative in recruiting Hessian deserters to help the American war
effort in his forge; Benoni Hathaway’s sand trick; and Daniel Gard's crippling
injury in a forge on New Year’s Day, 1806.
The great American poet Walt Whitman knew their story, as indicated in
his poem “A Song of Occupations” (1855):<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; color: #000020; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; color: #000020; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Iron-works, forge-fires in the mountains, or by
the river-banks—men around feeling the melt with huge crowbars—lumps of ore,
the due combining of ore, limestone, coal—the blast-furnace and the
puddling-furnace, the loup-lump at the bottom of the melt at last—the
rolling-mill, the stumpy bars of pig-iron, the strong, clean-shaped T-rail for
railroads.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; color: #000020; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; color: #000020; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Well,
it’s true the rails came later, but it’s almost hard to imagine how differently things might have turned out on this continent had it not been for the role the
mines and forges of Morris County played in the American Revolution. It may be true that the motto of Morris
County originated with the family of royalist Governor Lewis Morris, but it was
the iron men of Morris County who made it true: Tandem Vincitur—At last it is
conquered!</span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Works
Cited<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">“About
Rockaway Township.” Rockaway Township Free Public Library. 2012. Web. 15 Dec 2014. </span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://www.rtlibrary.org/history.html">http://www.rtlibrary.org/history.html</a></span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<i><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">The American Genealogist</span></i><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">. Whole Number 123. 31.3. 3 July 1955.
Cited in </span><a href="http://www.werelate.org/wiki/Person:Joseph_Gard_%284%29"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">http://www.werelate.org/wiki/Person:Joseph_Gard_%284%29</span></a><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">. Accessed 18 Jan
2015.</span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bianco,
Vito. <i>Denville’s Union Hill. </i>Portsmouth NH: Arcadia, 2003.</span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Cooney,
Patrick L. “History of Rockaway Township, Morris County, New Jersey.” <i>NY-NJ-CT Botany Online. </i>n.d. Web. 15 Dec 2014. </span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://nynjctbotany.org/njhltofc/rockawaytwn.html">http://nynjctbotany.org/njhltofc/rockawaytwn.html</a></span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: times;">"Denville." Morris Tourism. Morris County Tourism Board. 2020. Web. 4 Jan. 2021. https://www.morristourism.org/directory/denville/ </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">“Gard or Guard, Daniel. Number W-420. BLW
8340-100. Rev.”<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><i><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">U.S. Revolutionary
War Pension and Bounty-Land Warrant Application Files, 1800-1900</span></i><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">[database on-line]. <i>Ancestry.com.</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Provo, UT: Ancestry.com Operations,
2010. Web. 9 Nov. 2014. </span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<i><span style="background: white; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt;">History of Morris County, New Jersey with Illustrations, and Biographical
Sketches of Prominent Citizens and Pioneers, 1739-1882.</span></i><span style="background: white; font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> New York: Munsell, 1882. <i>Internet Archives.</i> 8 Mar. 2010. Web. 15 Dec 2014. <a href="http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924028828386/cu31924028828386_djvu.txt">http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924028828386/cu31924028828386_djvu.txt</a>
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<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Hoffman,
Philip H. <i>History of the Arnold Tavern, Morristown, New Jersey.</i> Morristown: Chronicle, 1903. <i>Internet
Archive</i>. Web. 20 Jan. 2015. <span style="color: #0070c0;"><a href="https://archive.org/details/historyofthearno00hoff">https://archive.org/details/historyofthearno00hoff</a></span>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; tab-stops: 183.0pt; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Kennedy,
Michael V. <i>Forging America: Ironworkers,
Adventurers, and the Industrious Revolution</i>, by John Bezis-Selfa. <i>EHnet.</i> Economic History Association. May
2004. Web. 15 Dec 2014. </span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://eh.net/book_reviews/forging-america-ironworkers-adventurers-and-the-industrious-revolution/">http://eh.net/book_reviews/forging-america-ironworkers-adventurers-and-the-industrious-revolution/</a></span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; tab-stops: 183.0pt; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">McGlynn,
Joseph. “Mount Hope New Jersey
Hessians—Leopold Zindle.” AMREV Hessians L Archives. <i>RootsWeb Ancestry.com. </i>27 Mar 2001. Web. 20 Jan 2015. </span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/AMREV-HESSIANS/2001-03/0985747333">http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/AMREV-HESSIANS/2001-03/0985747333</a></span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> “Mining in Morris County.” New Jersey
Collection. Morris County Library. Morris County, New Jersey. 16 Jan 2005. Web. 15 Dec 2014. </span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://www.gti.net/mocolib1/mining.html">http://www.gti.net/mocolib1/mining.html</a></span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Pitney,
Henry Cooper. <i>A History of Morris County, New Jersey: Embracing Upwards of Two
Centuries: 1710-1913. </i>New York:<i> </i>Lewis,
1914. 10 Feb. 2012. Web. 19 Jan. 2015. <a href="http://books.google.com/books/about/A_History_of_Morris_County_New_Jersey.html?id=xc8wAQAAMAAJ">http://books.google.com/books/about/A_History_of_Morris_County_New_Jersey.html?id=xc8wAQAAMAAJ</a>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Pfister,
Jude M. <i><span style="background: white;">The
Fords of New Jersey: Power & Family During America's Founding. </span></i><span style="background: white;">Charleston: History Press, 2010. Google Books. 1 Dec
2010. Web. 15 Dec 2014. </span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=JGQVBAAAQBAJ">http://books.google.com/books?id=JGQVBAAAQBAJ</a></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Seidel,
Maria. “Morristown, New Jersey.” <i>George Washington’s Mount Vernon.</i> Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association. 2015. Web. 20 Jan 2015. <a href="http://www.mountvernon.org/research-collections/digital-encyclopedia/article/morristown-nj/">http://www.mountvernon.org/research-collections/digital-encyclopedia/article/morristown-nj/</a>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Sherman,
Andrew M. <i>Historic Morristown New Jersey: The Story of Its First Century. </i>Morristown:
Howard, 1905. <i>Digital Antiquaria. </i>PDF.
2005. Web. 14 Dec 2014. </span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://www.digitalantiquaria.com/Pub/PDF/I%20/HMNJ001A.pdf">http://www.digitalantiquaria.com/Pub/PDF/I
/HMNJ001A.pdf</a></span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Smiddy,
Betty Ann. “A Little Piece of Paradise:
College Hill, Ohio.” 2<sup>nd</sup> ed. 2008. Web. 18 Jan 2015. </span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://www.selfcraft.net/hannaford/chbook/ch_intro_ch1-4.pdf">http://www.selfcraft.net/hannaford/chbook/ch_intro_ch1-4.pdf</a></span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Washington,
George. “General Washington to the
President of the Continental Congress, July 10, 1775.” Library of Congress. Web. 19 Jan 2015. </span><a href="http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/amrev/contarmy/presone.html"><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/amrev/contarmy/presone.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">©
Eileen Cunningham 2015<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://geneabloggers.com/">geneabloggers.com</a></span></div>
E. Cunninghamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10093850882638921077noreply@blogger.com8tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462537054197231022.post-83306577946116212082014-12-08T20:13:00.001-08:002022-02-08T20:51:43.044-08:00Military Monday - Daniel Gard (1755-1824): A Wounded Warrior's Story from the Revolutionary War<div style="text-align: right;">
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<i><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-u5SEIxDu-jw/VIZ0tl8Ge-I/AAAAAAAAA9M/xl8NMmOfX14/s1600/Lexington%2BGreen.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="195" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-u5SEIxDu-jw/VIZ0tl8Ge-I/AAAAAAAAA9M/xl8NMmOfX14/s1600/Lexington%2BGreen.jpg" width="320" /></a></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Please note that in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the Gard family’s name was spelled variously as </span></i><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Gard <i>and </i>Guard<i>, but, because the latter predominates in
the court records, I have used </i>Gard <i>in
my own text and</i> Guard <i>in quotations
that used that spelling</i>.<i> In some
cases, I have modernized spellings and punctuation.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">“I do acknowledge the
Thirteen United States of America, namely, New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay,
Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware,
Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, to be free,
independent, and sovereign states, and declare, that the people thereof owe no
allegiance or obedience to George the third, king of Great Britain; and I
renounce, refuse and abjure any allegiance or obedience to him; and I do swear,
that I will, to the utmost of my power, support, maintain, and defend the said
United States against the said king, George the third, and his heirs and
successors, and his and their abettors, assistants and adherents; and will
serve the said United States in the office, which I now hold, and in any other
office which I may hereafter hold by their appointment, or under their
authority, with fidelity and honour, and according to the best of my skill and understanding.
So help me God.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">With this newly approved oath to the fledgling United States of
America, New Jersey colonist Daniel Gard enlisted for service in the American
Revolutionary War on February 11, 1776. By
that time, the Battles of Lexington and Concord as well as the Battle of Bunker
Hill had already been fought, and General George Washington had been in charge
of the continental army for over six months.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-o3B4VXJMWpQ/VIZZXAiClLI/AAAAAAAAA64/4PVZMXWFDyY/s1600/Provincial%2BCongress%2BNJ.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-o3B4VXJMWpQ/VIZZXAiClLI/AAAAAAAAA64/4PVZMXWFDyY/s1600/Provincial%2BCongress%2BNJ.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">On October 26, 1775, the Provincial Congress at Trenton, New
Jersey, had received word that the Continental Congress recommended “there be
immediately raised in this Colony, at the expense of the continent, two
battalions, consisting of eight companies each, and each company to consist of
sixty-eight privates, and officered with one captain, one lieutenant, one
ensign, four serjeants [<i>sic</i>], and
four<br />
corporals. . . .” (<i>Minutes</i> 234) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">On February 6, they put out the call for the formation of a third
battalion. At that time, nineteen-year-old Daniel Gard of Morristown responded by
enlisting on February 11 </span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">to serve the new country at the rank of private
for the standard period of one year, for which he would be paid five dollars
per month (<i>History </i>28;<i> Minutes</i> 210).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">He was, no doubt, issued the
felt hat, pair of yarn stockings, and “pair of shoes” (presumably boots) which
had been authorized by Congress. In
addition, on the march to join the continental army, he probably received the “two
dollars and two-thirds of a dollar per week,” also authorized by Congress </span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">(<i>History</i> 208). Each man was to bring his own arms. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ze1A7mr1hvU/VL85oy0777I/AAAAAAAAA_o/2b60KYsaUkw/s1600/Dickerson's%2BTavern.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ze1A7mr1hvU/VL85oy0777I/AAAAAAAAA_o/2b60KYsaUkw/s1600/Dickerson's%2BTavern.jpg" width="136" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dickerson's Tavern</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The revolutionary sentiment
had been brewing in Morristown since the previous May, when Peter Dickerson, a
carpenter and the owner of Dickerson’s Tavern, had been holding gatherings in
his tavern to discuss the formation of a battalion from Morris County. He proposed raising 300 men to be divided
into five companies. One day each week would be devoted to training, and
privates were to be paid three shillings a day and “found with provisions,
ammunition and arms” (“Captain”). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">It has been said that
Dickerson, who had also served in the Provincial Congress, paid for the
equipment of his men out of his own pocket and was never remunerated by the government.
One member of the group was appointed to purchase 500 pounds of powder and a
ton of lead for the companies, and all residents of Morris County were advised
to “provide themselves with arms and ammunition to defend the county in case of
invasion” (“Captain”). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/--JBfQvg4boY/VIZbAW3S6nI/AAAAAAAAA7A/CEZJFDzGtoM/s1600/Capt%2BPeter%2BDickerson.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--JBfQvg4boY/VIZbAW3S6nI/AAAAAAAAA7A/CEZJFDzGtoM/s1600/Capt%2BPeter%2BDickerson.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Grave of Capt. Peter Dickerson, First Presby-<br />
terian Churchyard, Morristown, NJ</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Daniel Gard was now a part of
the New Jersey Third Battalion, Captain Dickerson’s Company. In September, at the second establishment of
the Third Battalion, the company served under Jeremiah Ballard (Stryker 23). Daniel’s
brothers Alexander, Gershom, and John were also serving in the Revolutionary
War, and his father Jeremiah, at age fifty-nine, was, along with Daniel, a
member of Peter Dickerson’s company (Sherman
188). Daniel’s brother Jeremiah
was serving with the continental army from Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania
(“Soldiers” 4:742).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-J1wBc6Fh0Yc/VIZcw6ZHMCI/AAAAAAAAA7M/78YEHC0StRU/s1600/Scales%2B18C.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-J1wBc6Fh0Yc/VIZcw6ZHMCI/AAAAAAAAA7M/78YEHC0StRU/s1600/Scales%2B18C.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">18th-Century Scales<br />
(PristineAuctions.com)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">After his year of service was
up, Daniel re-enlisted in the same company. However, in a skirmish near Staten
Island, he took a musket ball in the left arm, which ended his active duty (for
a story about how this musket ball aroused interest again during the Civil War,
see below<a href="file:///F:/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Daniel%20Gard%20Blog.docx#_edn1" name="_ednref1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">[*]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>). According to family friend Elizabeth Gordon, he
remained for a time with his company, serving rations to the other soldiers (“Gard
or Guard” Im. 145), but eventually Captain Dickerson, “</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">who new [<i>sic</i>] of his having acquired a good Education,”</span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> recommended
him to Captain William Shute of the Commissary Department, where Daniel continued
in the service of his country, working as a scalesman, until the end of the war
(“Gard or Guard” Im. 148).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-VZLkx5zooHA/VIZdlBN9q-I/AAAAAAAAA7U/34z6-PAYZHU/s1600/Wyoming%2BValley%2BBattle.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="148" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-VZLkx5zooHA/VIZdlBN9q-I/AAAAAAAAA7U/34z6-PAYZHU/s1600/Wyoming%2BValley%2BBattle.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Wyoming Valley Massacre</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">In late January and early
February of 1783, very near the close of the war, Daniel was called upon to
carry a message from the Wyoming Valley area of Pennsylvania to Morristown, New
Jersey, which was, of course, Daniel’s hometown. Just before he set out, word arrived that
Indians had been discovered in the neighborhood, which was worrisome since the
Iroquois, allied with British loyalists, had committed what is now known as the
Wyoming Valley Massacre in 1778. Daniel
asked if his departure could be delayed for a day or two but was told that,
since the message was time-sensitive, he would need to depart immediately. Daniel, therefore, resolved to go even “if
there stood an Indian at every rod of the way” (“Gard or Guard” Im. 147). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Daniel successfully made it to
Morristown, but it seems that delivering the message was not his only goal at
the time, for by the time he returned to the camp at Wyoming, he had married
Hannah Merrick, a Morris County girl who may have been missing Daniel for the
seven long years of the war. Hannah
later said that her friends counseled her against the marriage at that
particular time since Daniel was still a soldier and the future was uncertain,
but that did not stop the two of them from looking up Jacob Minthorn, a justice
of the peace at Parsippany in Morris County, who performed the ceremony on
January 26, 1783. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Apparently, when the couple
arrived at Minthorn’s house, they found it a busy place, as a large number of
“London Traitors,” or Tories (Americans who remained loyal to King George), had
been arrested and were being processed there.
However, Minthorn found time to allow the couple to say their vows with Daniel’s
brother Alexander and his wife, Hannah (Keen), along with one Captain Joseph
Beach, serving as witnesses (“Gard or Guard” Im. 127). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-pwJu_ba0gmE/VIZjGs6UuzI/AAAAAAAAA70/fCMxFolcJs4/s1600/Tories.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="208" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-pwJu_ba0gmE/VIZjGs6UuzI/AAAAAAAAA70/fCMxFolcJs4/s1600/Tories.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Captured Tory by Charles S. Reinhart<br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> (<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 16.003px;">Mansell/Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images)</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">It is interesting to note that Captain Beach, who was a generation older than Daniel Gard and Hannah Merrick, had been attached to the Morris County Jail during 1777 “</span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">when twenty-one men were confined there under sentence of death, and two were hung by Sheriff Carmichael,” presumably traitors like those encountered at Minthorn’s house on January 26 (</span><i style="font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">History</i><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">, 35).</span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">One wonders if, in the press of business and the turmoil of the time, Joseph Beach was with the JP processing these suspects when Daniel and Hannah showed up.</span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">But that is pure speculation. (Though Hannah Merrick Gard testified later that Captain Beach and his wife were both witnesses to her wedding, the fact is that Captain Beach’s wife, Keziah (Johnson), had died in 1778 and there seems to be no record of a second marriage.) (West).</span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></div>
<pre style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></pre>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Shortly after the wedding,
Daniel returned to the army, and within days of his return to the Wyoming
Valley, on February 5, 1783, the British announced that they were ending
hostilities. On June 5, Daniel was
discharged from the army at Newburgh, New York.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">After the war, Daniel returned
to Morris County. For a time, it appears,
he lived on a farm near Littleton (“Gard or Guard” 188), though whether or not
he was actually farming remains unclear.
Littleton was a logical destination for him after the war in that Daniel
and Hannah were married there, and both of their fathers lived in the area. They
eventually settled in Hanover township.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Morris County was rich in iron
ore, and mines proliferated in the region.
In the period following the Revolution, many found employment in the
mines and forges in the area. Daniel’s
father, Jeremiah Gard, had once owned the forge called “Valley Forge,” probably
because of its location near the Berkshire Valley, and it would have been a
natural place for Daniel to find work. (It
appears on most maps of Jersey forges under its later name, Baker’s Forge.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Unfortunately, on January 1,
1806, Daniel was injured “in the falling of a hammer” while making a repair at
the forge. His right arm was seriously
wounded and could not be saved, resulting in an amputation close to the
shoulder. Since Daniel already had a
lame left arm from the war, this accident left him virtually unemployable. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/--qPRlRWstv8/VIZmoPximRI/AAAAAAAAA8M/mJxwvsrEan4/s1600/Iron%2BForge.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/--qPRlRWstv8/VIZmoPximRI/AAAAAAAAA8M/mJxwvsrEan4/s1600/Iron%2BForge.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>An Iron Forge </i>by Joseph Wright, 1772</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Daniel was fifty years old at
the time and still had a family to feed: Phebe, 29; Jane, 27; Rebecca, 13;
Hannah, 9; Jeremiah, 5; and Rachael, 2. Son Ephraim would be born nearly four
years later.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">It is possible the older
daughters were able to help with the family income. Their mother, Hannah
Merrick Gard, had worked in the house of Jacob Losey’s father before her
marriage, the Loseys being prominent mine owners in the area (“Gard or Guard”
Im. 190), and the older daughters, Phebe and Jane, may have followed suit until
their marriages in 1809. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">But Daniel was not totally
without resources. By an Act of Congress on July 9, 1788, veterans had been
awarded land bounties from the new American government in honor of their
military service, and Daniel Gard had received 100 acres at that time. The only problem was that the government was
slow in making good on its grants and, since the bounties could be sold to
others, many veterans traded them for ready cash (Leubking). What exactly Daniel did with his warrant is
not known, but perhaps the land, or the cash from the sale of the warrant, was
a boon to him at this point in time.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The court documents give us a glimpse of Daniel’s attitude
toward such grants, whether earned or not.
According to son Jeremiah’s testimony, “When the army was disbanded, he
was processed a captain’s discharge, which he refused” despite the fact that, since
May 1778, officers had had the right to receive half pay as pensions
(“Pensions”). But that is not all: He
not only refused any pension at the time of his discharge, but “could never be
prevailed upon to accept of one until after he had the misfortune to lose the
right arm, having it amputated above the elbow” (</span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">“Gard or Guard” 148</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">).
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Certainly the serious injury at the forge necessitated a
second look at the pension option, and on March 3, 1807, we find the name “Daniel
Guard” listed among those to whom Congress had granted a particular invalid
pension. He received $2.50 per month,
beginning retroactively on January 23 of that year (Peters 6:67). In 1813, he was still receiving the pension. (“1813”). That it literally took losing his right arm
to move him toward a previously rejected pension underscores Daniel’s ethic of
self-reliance—and also his great need.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">When President James Monroe came to office in 1817, he
initiated improvements to the pension plan for Revolutionary War veterans. He was motivated by the fact that, while campaigning
throughout the country, he had encountered numerous indigent and handicapped
veterans whose plight had led him to believe it was time to broaden the pension
law. However, the resulting service-pension
act, encouraged by Monroe and passed by Congress in 1818, contained a “poor
law” component which required all applicants to provide proof of service and “incapacity”
(Finocchiaro 6). <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-e2tjxqmRPEI/VIZpKzcrh_I/AAAAAAAAA8Y/0nvUhQ8s9Y8/s1600/Daniel%2BGard%2BPension%2BApplic.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-e2tjxqmRPEI/VIZpKzcrh_I/AAAAAAAAA8Y/0nvUhQ8s9Y8/s1600/Daniel%2BGard%2BPension%2BApplic.jpg" width="196" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Daniel Gard's 1818 Deposition</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Accordingly, on April 6, 1818, Daniel appeared in Judge </span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Joseph
Jackson’s court of common pleas in Morristown, New Jersey, to begin the process
by submitting the discharge papers he had received in Newburg, New York, in
1783, as proof of his military service. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">In his deposition, Daniel
stated “that he is now in his sixty third year of his age; that from his
reduced circumstances, he needs the assistance of his country for support and
begs to be put on the pension lists of common soldiers of the United States; . . . and further this deponent saith that he
is now on the pension list of invalid soldiers of the United States [provided
in 1807], which he doth hereby relinquish, provided he is considered as coming
within the act of Congress of the 18<sup>th</sup> March 1818 and is put on the
pension accordingly.” Mahlon Johnson, a
prominent mine-owner who had known the Gard family for years, later
attested that Daniel was “in very
reduced circumstances, having no property of his own, nor anything in
expectance from any relative . . . and has been frequently on the pauper list
of the township of Hanover. . .” (“Gard or Guard” Im. 224).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">A month later, Judge Jackson
notified the government of the authenticity of Daniel’s claim (Joseph Jackson 7
May 1818). But now began the family’s
ordeal in actually receiving the pension.
Apparently, as with many such programs, fraud was rampant. Veterans were
“feigning poverty” in order to claim the pensions, and the government needed to
be vigilant about pension claims (“Pensions”).
Therefore, on May 1, 1820, <span style="background: white;">Congress
enacted remedial legislation, requiring more proof of need from applicants.</span></span><span style="background: white; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">As a
result, we find Daniel back at the Morris County Courthouse on July 10, when he
took the following oath: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">“I do solemnly swear that I
was a resident citizen of the United States, on the 18<sup>th</sup> day of
March, 1818; and that I have not, since that time by gift, sale, or in any
manner, disposed of my property, or any part thereof, with intent so to
diminish it as to bring myself within the provisions of an act of Congress,
entitled ‘An act to provide for certain persons engaged in the land and naval service
of the United States in the Revolutionary war,’ passed on the 18<sup>th</sup>
day of March, 1818; and that I have not, nor has any person in trust for me,
any property or securities, contracts, or debts, due to me; nor have I any
income, other than what is contained in the schedule hereto annexed, and by me
subscribed” (“Gard or Guard” Im. 121).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">He also identified his
dependents, testifying “that I have a wife aged sixty years, who enjoys
tolerable health; that I have one son [Jeremiah], aged nineteen years, able to
earn his living, and one son [Ephraim] aged ten years, not a very healthy
child, which composes all my family.” By this time, the daughters were all
married.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">He was also required to submit
a list of his property, which appears below with the original spelling and
capitalization (note I have used ellipses where the handwriting is unclear):<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "colonna mt"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">SCHEDULE </span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Referred
to in the foregoing deposition of </span></i><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Daniel Guard, <i>viz.:<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">1 cow<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">1 hog<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">4 sheep<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">1 … and tackling<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">1 clothe [clothes?] cupboard<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">1 cupboard dresser<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">1 large iron kittle<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">1 small do. [ditto]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">1 Pye pan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">1 iron pot<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">1 tea kittle<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">2 trammels [</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">adjustable pothooks for a
fireplace crane]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">1 pair andirons<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">1 chopping ax and one adze<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">2 broad hoes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">1 table of maple stuff<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">1 wash tub<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">1 churn<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">1 salt morter [<i>sic</i>]
pestle<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">1 cyder pail<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">2 Earthen pots<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">6 Earthen jugs<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">6 do. Plates<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">6 pewter do.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">1 do. Platter<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">6 Iron spoons<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">2 Earthen platters<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">16 old knives and forks<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">2 Glasses<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">1 pair . . . irons<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">2 chairs 1 Big wheel<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">1 pair wool cards, 1 iron ….<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">2 clubs, 4 Round …..
…..<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">1 bread tray, 1 plow<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">One lot of Grain Growing upon shares<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt;">Sworn to and declared on the<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt;">10<sup>th</sup> day of July 1820 before<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt;">Gab. H. Ford<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The court valued the property at $68.34
($162.65 in today’s money). (</span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">“Gard
or Guard” Im. 122)<span style="background: white;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Daniel’s
documentation proved satisfactory, and he received the pension for which he had
applied, which was paid out to him over the remaining years of his life. He died at the age of sixty-eight in Roxbury
township, Morris County, New Jersey, on June 18, 1824. (His son Ephraim and his daughter Hannah Gard
Gordon are known to have resided in Roxbury township as well, so perhaps toward
the end of his life and quite disabled, he and Hannah moved to Roxbury from
Hanover in order to be closer for needed assistance from their adult children).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">After
Daniel’s death, the problems with the pension picked up. There is an undated record on <i>Ancestry.com</i> showing that Hannah Gard,
widow of Daniel Gard, Roxbury township, Morris County, New Jersey, was turned
down on her request for rights to her husband’s pension. Under “reason” appears the notation: “Service
admitted--marriage in suspense” (<i>Rejected</i>). Because there had been so much fraud
connected to the pension application process, the government was being very
careful to make sure that persons receiving the pensions actually deserved
them. Poor Hannah got caught in a sea of
red tape, which continued long after her death in 1836.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">A brief explanation of the various congressional acts regarding
military pensions would be helpful here.
After the service-pension act of 1818, under whose terms Daniel Gard
received a pension, there were subsequent acts expanding the number of
recipients by reducing the requirement of time served for veterans not previously
covered. Specifically of interest here
are the acts of 1828 and 1832. </span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Neither of these acts required applicants to demonstrate need, and
under the act of 1832, widows and children were able to collect money due from
the last payment until the date of death of a pensioner. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">On November 7,
1834, J. L. Edwards, United States Commissioner of Pensions, wrote a report
containing this lament: “</span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">A very painful duty devolves on me in making
this report: I allude to the recent
developments in parts of our country, in which some of the most iniquitous
transactions have been discovered to have perpetrated by men of high standing
in society, whose official stations and
respectability placed them far above suspicion, and who have taken advantage of
the character they have sustained to practise [<i>sic</i>] some of the most daring frauds.
In every fraudulent case which has come to the knowledge of this
department, steps have been taken to punish the offenders. In some instances, prosecutions have been
successful and terminated in confinement of the criminals in State prisons; in
some cases, they have fled from justice.
In every case where, on account of the solvency of the party, there was
prospect of recovering money improperly paid, a suit has been commenced” (U.S. <i>Senate Documents </i>266).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">This unfortunate set of circumstances
is probably what led to the addition of a measure in the Act of Congress passed
July 4, 1836 (5 Stat. 128), by which widows would be eligible to receive
pensions <i>provided the “widow had married
the veteran before the expiration of his last period of service”</i> [emphasis
mine] (<i>Pensions Enacted</i>). Now, here is where Hannah had a problem. As indicated above, Daniel and Hannah had gotten
married on January 26, 1783, when he had been sent to Morristown on official
business. When they went to the house of
the justice of the peace, they discovered the JP busy processing a crowd of
“London traitors” who had recently been arrested (“Gard or Guard” Im. 202). It appears that in the crush of business that
day, the record of the marriage was either not written down or was lost in the
shuffle of other papers related to the arrests.
Therefore, Hannah had no way to prove that she was married to Daniel
during “his last period of service,” which technically did not expire until
June of 1783. Thus, her claim was
rejected because the marriage was “in suspense.” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Now, the date of the relevant
act of Congress was July 4, 1836. On the
following October 5, Hannah appeared in the Morris County Courthouse in order
to justify her claim. After recounting
Daniel’s record of service, she stated, “I was born at Bottle Hill, in Morris
County, on the 9<sup>th</sup> April 1760, and was married to Daniel Gard at
Parsippany in said county by Justice Minter [variant spelling of <i>Minthorn</i>], whose first name I have
forgotten, on the 26<sup>th</sup> day of January 1780 [<i>sic</i>]. Captain Joseph Beach and his wife, Alexander Gard and his wife, were present at
our marriage; they are all dead, & I
know no living witness who was present nor have I any documentary proof, except
a record, kept in our family bible, not now in my possession” (“Gard or Guard” Im. 127).
The fact that the year 1780 was recorded in this deposition instead of
the year 1783 may have contributed to the confusion, as all of Hannah’s
children attested they had been married in late January or early February 1783
when Daniel was sent by the army to Morristown.
However, that testimony came later and would not have figured in the
immediate ruling of the pension commissioners.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Though it may seem strange to
those of us who live in the Information Age, where all of our vital statistics
are, generally speaking, kept in meticulous records in state houses (or in a
“cloud” in cyberspace), in Hannah’s time period, the family Bible was
tantamount to an official record. Hannah
attested to this record when she gave her testimony on October 5 and, no doubt,
hoped to bring it with her on a subsequent date to provide what proof she
had. Unfortunately, however, Hannah died
twenty days later on October 25, 1836 (age 76), and further testimony about the
Bible record was not submitted until mid-November, when a woman named Amanda Y.
High, a friend of Hannah’s daughter Phebe Gard Van Wirt, testified before
Justice Harvey. The court record states
that Mrs. High, the wife of Ezra High, testified that she “was brought up by
the said Phebe Van Wert and lived in her family from infancy; that [she] had
seen the family Bible of Mrs. Van Wert in which this leaf now is in the
possession and house of Mrs. Van Wert” (“Gard or Guard” Im. 131). She affirmed that she “had a distinct
recollection of the Book and entries.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Justice Harvey must have
indicated that hearsay evidence was not good enough in this case and may have
asked Mrs. High to locate the Bible and enter the relevant page into the court record,
for four days later the page in question was submitted. Because it shows how seriously the government
was scrutinizing these records, it is interesting to note that across the
bottom of the Bible record page itself, A. H. Stanburrough, a clerk of the
court, signed his name and set the seal of Morris County to vouch for the
justice of the peace himself: “I am acquainted with the hand writing of said
Justice & that the signature thereto purporting to be his [on Amanda High’s
affidavit] is genuine” (“Gard or Guard” Im. 129).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">In addition to Amanda High,
other persons who had known the Gards for a long time, also testified that the
Gards had been well-respected and considered to have been living as (and indeed
were) husband and wife for forty years.
These included Jeremiah Fairchild, 62, and his son Seth Fairchild, 48,
husband of Rebekah Gard. One would hope that this would have been enough to
confirm Hannah’s statement about her marriage to Daniel Gard in January 1783. Apparently,
they were still not persuaded that the marriage preceded the end of Daniel’s
service. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-9OzyvOWh1SA/VIZx8x2hPNI/AAAAAAAAA9E/b9KOVjmkYfI/s1600/Morris%2BCo%2BCourthouse.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="132" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-9OzyvOWh1SA/VIZx8x2hPNI/AAAAAAAAA9E/b9KOVjmkYfI/s1600/Morris%2BCo%2BCourthouse.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Morris County Courthouse,<br />
Morristown, NJ</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The record is silent for
fourteen years.</span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Then on July 18, 1850,
Phebe Gard Van Wirt, the eldest daughter of Daniel and Hannah, came to court to
make a statement regarding a recent discovery.</span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The clerk recorded her sworn testimony that “soon after her [mother’s]
death, she took charge of some small articles which her mother left, amongst
which was an old calico pocket book, and in that pocket book she found the
family record which is hereunto attached and which was carefully preserved by
her mother in its present mutilated condition and which she is satisfied is in
her father’s handwriting.</span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">That since her
mother’s death it has been kept in the same old pocket book untill [</span><i style="font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">sic</i><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">] within a few days past” ("Gard or Guard" Im. 124).</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Two more years passed with no
decision from the government. Then in
November and December of 1852, there was another flurry of activity:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">November 16, 1852:</span></b><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> Eighty-year-old Jeremiah
Baker testified he had known the Gards for forty years, knew Hannah’s maiden
name had been Merrick, and, as a shoemaker in Morris County, had kept the seven
Gard children in shoes during the years they were growing up (</span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">“Gard
or Guard” Im. 205).</span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-VC3ZokXEoJs/VIZtKCi83II/AAAAAAAAA8k/vYhYJUU6Sns/s1600/Gard%2BBible.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-VC3ZokXEoJs/VIZtKCi83II/AAAAAAAAA8k/vYhYJUU6Sns/s1600/Gard%2BBible.jpg" width="250" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Upper left shows Daniel Gard's entry in his<br />
family Bible, recording his marriage of 1783.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">November 16, 1852:</span></b><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> Phebe Gard Van Wirt
testified that the name of the justice of the peace who had married her parents
was Lemuel Winthorn (other family members testified Winthorn’s first name was
Jacob). She recounted the information
about the crowd of “London traitors” at Winthorn’s house on the day of the
marriage, probably to help explain why the marriage was not recorded, and she
affirmed that the Bible record of the marriage was in her father’s handwriting (</span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">“Gard
or Guard” Im. 202).</span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">December 15, 1852: </span></b><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Rebecca Gard Fairchild
testified that her father had been with the army in the “Wioming” Valley in
Pennsylvania when he was sent to Morristown.
This was to help explain why Pvt. Gard had been in his hometown for a
wedding when the war was still ongoing (</span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">“Gard or Guard” Im. 146).</span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">December 15, 1852: </span></b><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Jane Gard Wiggins
(mistakenly) set the date of her parents’ marriage at February 9, 1783, but to
underline her certainty about a date in early 1783, stated that the couple’s
first child, Rachel, had been born in December that year. But wasn’t that the name of one of the
daughter not born until 1804? The
government seems to have smelled a rat, but Jane had come to explain that,
after the first Rachel had died at age 19 in 1803, Daniel and Hannah decided to
give the name Rachael also to their sixth daughter, born the following year (</span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">“Gard
or Guard” Im. 147). Would the alternate
spelling of the name be persuasive to the skeptical bureaucrats in the pension
office?</span><b><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">December 15, 1852: </span></b><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Ephraim Gard undertook to emphasize
that his parents were married before the end of the war by recounting a joke his
father used to make to the effect that he had entered the service at the age of
19, and “before the end of the war, I married your mother, and so I never got free”
(</span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">“Gard
or Guard” </span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Im. 152). We do not know the government’s response to
this droll jest.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">December 16, 1852: </span></b><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Jeremiah Gard, the oldest of
the couple’s two surviving sons (the first son, Lewis, having died at age 3 in
1789) also gave testimony about the date of the marriage and the birth of the
first child, as well as details of Daniel’s service</span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">,
adding this detail: </span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">“</span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">I have heard my father say that he
had the whole charge of the Commissary Department clerk scales man [men?] an
[and?] all for nearly two years at Johns Town [NY] while with [Major General
John] Sullivan. . . .” This is a
reference to Indian wars led by Sullivan and Colonel Thomas Proctor in 1779,
which somewhat expanded Gard’s service (</span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">“Gard or Guard” Im. 148-49).</span><b><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">At the bottom of each
deposition, Justice Harvey made a note that he knew the deponent personally and
that he or she “sustained a good reputation for truth and veracity.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">But now the
record goes silent again until the following May, when this letter addressed to
the Commissioner of Pensions appeared (its first line reads “Washington, May 9,
1853”):<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Dear Sir:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">I enclose herewith twelve Affidavits
in support of the claim of Mrs. Hannah Guard to a Pension under the Act of July
4, 1836. These Affidavits establish the
date of Marriage and the fact that her husband was in service at the time of
and after the marriage.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">I also enclose documentary
proof showing twenty seven months service of Daniel Guard in the Commissary
Department.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The claim being now clearly
established I beg that you will cause a Certificate of Pension to issue without
further delay, <i>particularly as this claim
has been before your Office for the last ten or twelve Years </i>[emphasis
mine].<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt;">I am Sir<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt;"> Very
respectfully<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt;"> Yr
obt. Serv. [your obedient servant]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt;"> Wm.
J. Scott<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt;">L. P. Waldo Esq.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt;">Commissioner of Pensions (“Gard or Guard” Im.
212)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Mr. Scott was
certainly trying to prod the government into action. After all, the “children” of Daniel and
Hannah now ranged in age from forty-four to sixty-six! <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Yet, still no
action was taken, and a year and a half later (November 10, 1854), we see the
government still had some questions about the dates of death of the
non-surviving Gard children: Lewis, who died in 1789 at age 3, and Rachel, who
died in 1803 at age 19. To emphasize to
the doubting government that this was an authentic record and not something
done up years later in an effort to defraud the government, Justice of the
Peace Harvey tore the page from the Bible and scrawled across the bottom a note
saying that the Bible, which was in the possession of Phebe Van Wirt, “</span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">appears
to be worn and authentic” (“Gard or Guard” Im. 132). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">More silence.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Then in November 1856, there is another flurry of activity
at the Morris County Courthouse. Two
octogenarians, mine owners both—Mahlon Johnson and Jacob Losey—made their way
to the courthouse to tell what they knew of the Gard family. Johnson recounted what he knew of the family,
going back to the time of Daniel’s and Hannah’s fathers, and further testified
that the Gards “were worthy respectable people.” Losey also summarized what he knew of the
family, his memory stretching back to the days before Hannah’s marriage when
she was working as a housekeeper for Losey’s father. Both testified that they had known Jacob
Minthorn, the justice of the peace who married Daniel and Hannah (this
information apparently going some way to prove that the name was not a
fabrication on Hannah’s part in a scheme to defraud the government). (“Gard or Guard,” Im. 188, 190)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">From his estate called Speedwell (see below), on August 10, 1856, Stephen T. Vail, justice of the peace, forwarded these last
two affidavits along with his own memories of the family. “The Uncles and Father Sold out to Judge
Simons and went west 70 years ago,” he writes.
“I was a child but remember hearing my Father, Uncle Henry, Uncle
Jos[eph] Johnson, and him often talk over their battles, after a mowing bee
which was common in those days. . . . His heirs are entitled to his
Pension. There is not a doubt. And if
you can help them to get It you will do a great Favor to his descendants. His
Family were all respectable people--his wife’s people were respectable, I
remember all of them” (“Gard or Guard” Im. 183). <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rLHnmRFxb4I/VIZwiVaXVaI/AAAAAAAAA8w/6QCy3Lq4WBc/s1600/Speedwell%2BMorristown%2BNJ.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rLHnmRFxb4I/VIZwiVaXVaI/AAAAAAAAA8w/6QCy3Lq4WBc/s1600/Speedwell%2BMorristown%2BNJ.JPG" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Speedwell Estate, Morristown, NJ<br />
Courtesy of <i>FrugalNJ.blogspot.com</i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Then—finally—an end to this exhausting twenty-year
application process arrived in the form of a letter from the pension office,
dated August 15, 1836, and addressed to the Honorable George Vail, New Jersey
House of Representatives. R. McRae,
writing “for Commissioner,” states: “I have considered the testimony which
accompanied your letter of the 12<sup>th</sup> inst. in support of the claim of
Hannah Guard, dec’d, who was the widow of Daniel Guard, late of New Jersey,
asserted under the Act of July 4, 1836, and also carefully reviewed all the
testimony previously filed, and have decided that the claim may be allowed at
the rate of $80 per annum for two years’ service as a private of Infantry,
provided the Attorney General to whom the question has been submitted by the Secretary
of the Interior shall decide that arrears due to widows under the Act aforesaid,
can be paid to their children” (Im. 181).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Apparently, Attorney General Caleb Cushing came through,
for four months later, Frederick Dellicker, surrogate judge of Morris County,
had been granted the administration of the property of Hannah Guard, including
“pension moneys, due said intestate” (“Gard or Guard” Im. 209). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">This letter was dated December 23, 1856, which, as fortune
would have it, was actually the forty-seventh birthday of Ephraim Gard, the “baby”
of the family! The oldest of the siblings, Rachel, was nearing 70. Well, better late than never, I suppose.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> “Ah, all things come to
those who wait,”<br />
(I say these words to make me glad),<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />
But something answers soft and sad,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />
“They come, but often come too late.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> Violet
Vane (1843-1905)</span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div>
<!--[if !supportEndnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<br />
<div id="edn1">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///F:/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Daniel%20Gard%20Blog.docx#_ednref1" name="_edn1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""calibri" , "sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[*]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <span style="background: white; color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">"A
bullet, which was lodged in the arm of Daniel Gard during the Revolutionary
War. and was preserved as a relic by the patriotic soldier, was exhibited by
his son, Ephraim Gard, and seemed to rekindle the flame of patriotism in the
whole crowd. The meeting (patriotic meeting during Civ. War 1861) was a
memorable one, and evinced a strong feeling of sympathy with the administration
without regard to political parties: and from that time Port Oram was a place
well known throughout the whole region. five persons who belonged to Port Oram
and who were present at this meeting enlisted for the war. Two were the
sons of Ephraiam Gard and grandsons of the Revolutionary patriot Daniel Gard.
The fifth was Albert Wiggins, then a clerk in the store of S. Breese, in
Dover. They all returned to Port Oram after the war except Albert
Wiggins, who drowned with thirty-two others from Morris county while crossing the
Cumberland River in Kentucky” (Halsam 310).</span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Works
Cited<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">“Captain Peter
Dickerson, First Provincial Congress</span>” in <i>Captain Peter Dickerson First Provincial Congress</i>. <i>Waymarking.com. </i>2014. Web. <i> </i>Accessed
9 Nov. 2014.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Edwards,
J. L. “Report of Commissioner of Pensions.” 23<sup>rd</sup> Congress. 2<sup>nd</sup> Session.<br />
7 Nov 1834. <i>Register of Debates in
Congress. </i> 11.2. Appendix, 44. Washington: Gales and Seaton, 1835. Google Books.
Accessed 17 Nov 2014.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> “1813 Pension List: New Jersey.” Military
Records.<i> New Horizons Genealogy. </i>2010. Web. 17 Nov 2014. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Finnochiaro,
Charles J. and Jeffery A. Jenkins. “The Politics of Military Service Pensions
in the Antebellum U.S. Congress.” University of South Carolina. 18 Apr 2006.
Web. 17 Nov 2014. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">“Gard
or Guard, Daniel. Number W-420. BLW 8340-100.
Rev.” </span><i><span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">U.S. Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty-Land Warrant
Application Files, 1800-1900</span></i><span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> [database on-line]. <i>Ancestry.com.</i> Provo, UT: Ancestry.com
Operations, 2010. Web. 9 Nov. 2014. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Halsam,
Edward Drake, <i>et al.</i> <i>History of Morris County, New Jersey. </i>New
York: Munsell, 1882. Accessed 15 Nov 2014.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; margin: 4.8pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Luebking, Sandra Hargreaves. “Land
Records.” <i>The Source: A Guidebook to
American Genealogy. Ancestry.com Wiki</i>. Accessed 17 Nov 2014. </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; margin: 4.8pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<i><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Minutes of the Provincial Congress and the
Council of Safety of the State of New Jersey </span></i><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">[1775-1776]. Trenton: Naar, 1879. <i>Internet Archive. </i>n.d. Web. Accessed 9 Nov 2014.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">“Pensions Enacted by Congress for American
Revolutionary War Veterans.” <i>Rootsweb.
Ancestry.com. </i>n.d. Web. 17 Nov 2014. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; margin: 4.8pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Peters,
Richard, ed. <i>Public Statutes at Large</i> <i>of the United States of America</i>. Boston: Little and Brown, 1846. 6:67</span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<i><span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Rejected
or Suspended Applications for Revolutionary War Pensions</span></i><span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. Washington, D.C.: n.p. 1852. <i>Ancestry.com.</i> <i>American Revolutionary War Rejected Pensions</i>. Provo, UT: 2000. Web.
22 Nov 2014.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Sherman,
Andrew M. <i>Historic Morristown, New
Jersey: The Story of Its First Century. </i>Morristown: Howard, 1905.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">“Soldiers of the
Revolution Who Received Pay for Their Services.” </span><i><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Pennsylvania, Published Archives Series, 1664–1902</span></i><span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <span style="color: #333333;">Fifth
Ser. </span>Web. Provo, UT: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2011. Accessed 16
Nov 2014.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; margin: 4.8pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Stryker,
William S., comp. <i>Official Register of
the Officers and Men of New Jersey in the Revolutionary War. </i> Trenton: State of New Jersey, 1872. <i>Internet Archive. <o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">United States. Cong.
Senate. <i>Senate Documents, Otherwise Publ.
as Public Documents and Executive Documents: 14th Congress, 1st Session-48th Congress,
2nd Session and Special Session</i>. United States Congressional Series Set.
Oxford: UP, 1834. 266. Google Books. 7 Dec 2006. Web. 18 Nov. 2014. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<i><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">U</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">.S. War
Bounty Land Warrants: 1789-1858</span></i><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. No. 8340.
<span style="background: white;">Ancestry.com.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>[database on-line]. Provo, UT:
Ancestry.com Operations, 2007. Accessed 18 Nov 2014.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">West, Edmund, comp.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em>Family Data Collection - Individual Records</em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>[database on-line]. Provo, UT:
Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2000. Accessed 15 Nov 2014.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">(c) Eileen Cunningham 2014</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<o:p> <a href="http://www.geneabloggers.com/">www.geneabloggers.com</a></o:p></div>
</div>
</div>
E. Cunninghamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10093850882638921077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462537054197231022.post-53594501552387929712014-11-10T11:59:00.003-08:002014-11-10T11:59:55.773-08:00Amanuensis Monday - David Guard (Gard) (1755-1824) Second Motion on Pension, 10 July 1820<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-9YPv5-brorA/VGEZDi-CocI/AAAAAAAAA6E/5D1anaUxKOY/s1600/Daniel%2BGard%2BSecond%2BPension%2BMotion%2B1820.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-9YPv5-brorA/VGEZDi-CocI/AAAAAAAAA6E/5D1anaUxKOY/s1600/Daniel%2BGard%2BSecond%2BPension%2BMotion%2B1820.jpg" height="320" width="194" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Old English Text MT"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">District of New Jersey<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Old English Text MT"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Morris County<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> On
this <u>seventh</u> day of July, 1820, personally appeared in open Court,
before the Judge of the Inferior Court of Common Pleas, holden at Morris-Town,
in and for the County of Morris, in the term of July, in the year aforesaid.
[The said court being a </span></i><span style="font-family: "Old English Text MT"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">court of record </span><i><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">possessing a seal, proceeding according to
the course of the common law, having a jurisdiction unlimited in point of
amount, keeping records of the proceedings and the Judgments being removeable [sic]
by writ of error only.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Daniel Guard <i>aged</i>
<u>sixty five </u><i>years, resident in the
township of </i><u>Roxbury </u><i>in said
county, who </i><u>being duly sworn</u> <i>according
to law doth on his </i><u>oath</u> <i>declare,
that </i>he served in the third Jersey Regiment commanded by Col. Elias Dayton
in Capt. Jeremiah Ballard’s company and was discharged at west point [sic],
that he applied for his pension on 6 April 1818, That his pension certificate
is deposited in the Funton [Fulton?] Bank for safe Keeping (about fifty miles
off) by reason of which he cannot state the number of it.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">And I
do solemnly </span></i><u><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">swear</span></u><i><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
that I was a resident citizen of the United States, on the 18<sup>th</sup> day
of March, 1818; and that </span></i><span style="font-family: "Old English Text MT"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">I have not, </span><i><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">since
that time by gift, sale, or in any manner, disposed of my property, or any part
thereof, with intent so to diminish it as to bring myself within the provisions
of an act of Congress, entitled “An act to provide for certain persons engaged
in the land and naval service of the United States in the Revolutionary war,:
passed on the 18<sup>th</sup> day of March, 1118</span></i><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">;</span><span style="font-family: "Old English Text MT"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
and that I have not, </span><i><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">nor
has any person in trust for me, any property or securities, contracts, or
debts, due to me</span></i><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">; </span><span style="font-family: "Old English Text MT"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">nor have I any income</span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">, <i>other than what is contained in the schedule
hereto annexed, and by me subscribed. </i>That
I am by occupation a Forge man, but from the loss of my right arm, which is
amputated near the shoulder, can do nothing towards my support; that I have a
wife aged sixty years, who enjoys tolerable health; that I have one son, aged
nineteen years, able to earn his living, and one son aged ten years, not a very
healthy child, which composes all my family—<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sworn to and declared on the his<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">10<sup>th</sup> July 1820. before David
X Gard<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gab. H. Ford mark<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Source Information<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ancestry.com.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>U.S.,
Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty-Land Warrant Application Files, 1800-1900</i></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA:
Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.
Accessed 10 Nov 2014.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.45pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Original data:</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty-Land Warrant Application
Files (NARA microfilm publication M804, 2,670 rolls). Records of the Department
of Veterans Affairs, Record Group 15. National Archives, Washington, D.C.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.45pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.45pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://www.geneabloggers.com/">www.geneabloggers.com</a></span></div>
E. Cunninghamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10093850882638921077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462537054197231022.post-30174868460068797622014-11-10T10:53:00.000-08:002014-11-10T10:53:17.608-08:00Amanuensis Monday - Daniel Guard (Gard) (1755-1824) Application for Revolutionary War Pension<div class="MsoNormal">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-UP-5BNc66XM/VGEIAjc0d7I/AAAAAAAAA50/LYFMm25uy08/s1600/Daniel%2BGard%2BPension%2BApplic.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-UP-5BNc66XM/VGEIAjc0d7I/AAAAAAAAA50/LYFMm25uy08/s1600/Daniel%2BGard%2BPension%2BApplic.jpg" height="320" width="196" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /><!--[endif]--></span>
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">State of New Jersey<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Morris County s.s<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Be it remembered that on the sixth day of April in the year
of our Lord eighteen hundred and eighteen, personally appeared before me,
Joseph Jackson, one of the judges of the inferior court of common pleas in and
for said county, Daniel Guard, who being duly sworn according to Law, on his
Oath, saith the he was born in Morris County in New Jersey, and that on the
eleventh day of February, A. D. seventeen hundred and seventy six he enlisted
under Captn. Peter Dickinson’s [Dickerson’s] company in the Third Jersey
Regiment of Continental troops, and a private soldier, for one year, and after
his term of service was out, he again enlisted under the same officer and in
the same Regiment for during [sic] the war and served until the fifth day of
June A. D. seventeen hundred and eighty three, when he was discharged, which
discharge herewith annexed, is the same that was delivered to this department
at Newburgh in the state of New Yorke; That he is now in his sixty third year
of his age; that from his reduced circumstances, he needs the assistance of his
country for support and begs to be put on the pension lists of common soldiers
of the United States; That he resides in the County of Morris and State of New
Jersey—And further this deponent saith that he is now on the pension list of
invalid soldiers of the United States, which he doth hereby relinquish,</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">provided he is considered as coming within the act of Congress of the 18<sup>th</sup>
March 1818 and is put on the pension accordingly.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> his<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Daniel
X Guard<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> mark<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sworn and subscribed before me the date as above. In
witness whereof I have hereunto subscribed my name and affixed my seal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Joseph
Jackson<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 0px;">
<a href="http://www.geneabloggers.com/" style="font-size: 12px;">www.geneabloggers.com</a></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 0px;">
Source: </div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 0px;">
Ancestry.com. <em>U.S., Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty-Land Warrant Application Files, 1800-1900</em>[database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Accessed 10 Nov 2014.</div>
<div class="" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-top: 8px; padding: 0px;">
Original data: Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty-Land Warrant Application Files (NARA microfilm publication M804, 2,670 rolls). Records of the Department of Veterans Affairs, Record Group 15. National Archives, Washington, D.C.</div>
</div>
E. Cunninghamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10093850882638921077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462537054197231022.post-79890931166308716942014-11-04T21:36:00.002-08:002014-12-22T15:59:02.934-08:00Bain Line - John Stewart, Lord Kincleven and Earl of Carrick in Orkney (1576-1643)<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">John Stewart, Lord
Kincleven and later the 1<sup>st</sup> Earl of Carrick, was the third of five
sons born to Robert Stewart, Earl of Orkney and Strathearn, and his wife <span style="background: white;">Jean Kennedy, daughter of<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Kennedy,_3rd_Earl_of_Cassilis" title="Gilbert Kennedy, 3rd Earl of Cassilis"><span style="background: white; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Gilbert Kennedy, 3rd
Earl of Cassilis</span></a><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">. He was also the grandson of King James V,
whose mistress, Euphemia Elphinstone, had given birth to Robert Stewart in
about 1533. James had recognized Robert
as his son and had him educated, along with his other illegitimate sons, for a
career in the Church. (Robert Stewart,
being far from a pious man, however, never did more than take pensions from
church benefices.) </span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-6NowiacqWRY/VFmsmg80L1I/AAAAAAAAA4c/f4MucnSnj0M/s1600/Map%2BOf%2BOrkney%2B1654.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-6NowiacqWRY/VFmsmg80L1I/AAAAAAAAA4c/f4MucnSnj0M/s1600/Map%2BOf%2BOrkney%2B1654.jpg" height="244" width="320" /></a></div>
<o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
birth year of John Stewart is not certain, but he was often said to be the
third son, between Patrick and James, and was probably born around 1576
(Cracroft). At that time, his father had
not yet received the earldom of Orkney but did hold lands in Orkney and
Shetland. However, Jean Kennedy, John’s
mother, “does not appear to have set foot in the islands at all,” and all of
Robert’s legitimate sons, including John, were “educated in the south” (P. Anderson
<i>Robert</i>, 131). John had three sisters—Mary, Christian, and
Elizabeth. There were also six half-brothers
and several half-sisters, illegitimate children of Robert Stewart, all of whom
made their appearance in Orkney while Lady Jean remained in Edinburgh. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">From
various documents, it is possible to detect some of the personal undercurrents
in these relationships. In 1585, when
Robert Stewart was created earl of Orkney, the entail (right of inheritance)
was to his sons Henry, Patrick, James, and Robert—John’s name being
omitted. If the line of legitimate sons
failed, the entail was to Robert’s illegitimate sons—James and Robert—then to
his nephew, Francis, Earl of Bothwell.
When Robert died in 1593 and the earldom passed to Patrick (Henry having
predeceased his father), the papers drawn up for Patrick in 1600 named
Patrick’s sons as heirs and then, behind them, his “second brother, John” (Steuart
292</span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">).</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">This time, brother James is not mentioned. These omissions could have been clerical
errors, but the fact that their mother Jean was also omitted from Earl Robert’s
will—when his mistresses were all named—leads one to wonder what family
dynamics were at work here.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It is
hardly possible to say that Patrick’s naming his brother John was due to a
special friendship between the two because the first time John’s name appears
in the historical record in 1594 (the year after the father’s death), it is in
an indictment against him for conspiring with a witch to poison his brother
Patrick, who discovered poison in the possession of John’s servant, Thomas
Paplay (Paul 440).</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-kUJxNoIQduk/VFmvRctUceI/AAAAAAAAA4o/M3eVSQ3dTY8/s1600/Witch%2BHunt%2BScotland.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-kUJxNoIQduk/VFmvRctUceI/AAAAAAAAA4o/M3eVSQ3dTY8/s1600/Witch%2BHunt%2BScotland.jpg" height="200" width="147" /></a></div>
<o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">John
Stewart, at that time styled Master of Orkney, a title for younger sons of an
earl, was suspected, and Paplay was arrested and tortured mercilessly. During the torture, he gave up the name of
one Alesoun (or Alison) Balfour, a “known notorious witch” (“Witchcraft”). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">However,
Alesoun Balfour refused to confess or implicate John Stewart, despite the fact
that her husband and son were cruelly tortured before her eyes. It was only when her daughter was put to
torture that she “confessed.” Though she
later recanted, she was tried and put to death on 15 December 1594. In 1596, John Stewart, Master of Orkney, was
indicted for “consulting with witches, for [the] destruction of [the] Earl of
Orkney” ("Witchcraft"). Now, John would
have been only about seventeen when the incident occurred and nineteen at the
time of the indictment. Perhaps the
mixture of his youth and the forced confessions are enough to persuade us that
John was not involved in this incident and that Patrick was sure enough of his
brother’s loyalty that he did, in fact, place him in line for the earldom if
his own male line failed. Whatever the
case, John Stewart got his revenge eighteen days after his acquittal when he
murdered the inquisitor of Alesoun Balfour, who just happened to be Patrick
Stewart’s chamberlain (“North Isles—Eday”).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Being
the grandson of James V meant, of course, that he was a first cousin of James
VI, son of Mary, Queen of Scots, and Lord Darnley. Through James V’s mother, Margaret Tudor,
sister to England’s King Henry VIII, the Stewarts stood in line to inherit the
throne of England should the Tudor line fail, which it did on 24 March 1603 at
the death of the unmarried English queen, Elizabeth I. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-K9j9XdyOADo/VFmwmZhiKvI/AAAAAAAAA4w/hZZbn8BaxVc/s1600/Coronation%2BJames%2BI.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-K9j9XdyOADo/VFmwmZhiKvI/AAAAAAAAA4w/hZZbn8BaxVc/s1600/Coronation%2BJames%2BI.jpg" height="320" width="239" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Coronation of James I of England</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">James
VI departed Scotland in April, taking his cousin, John Stewart, along with him
for the ceremonies related to his accession to the crown, which would make him
James I of England. John Stewart must
have enjoyed the festivities, as we learn from thirteen-year-old Lady Anne
Clifford, daughter of George, 3<sup>rd</sup> Earl of Cumberland, who kept a
diary, that John Stewart, Master of “Orckney” and Sir John Murray of
Tullebardine “came thither to see us” at Hampton Court because they “were much
in love with Mrs. Carey” (<i>Progresses</i>
196). (Which Mrs. Carey is referenced here is unclear.) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Stewart
was still in the London area in November 1604, when once again letter writers
were reporting on his shenanigans. On
November 7, Edmund Lascelles wrote to Gilbert Talbot, 7<sup>th</sup> Earl of
Shrewsbury, to tell him about the arrival of the king at Whitehall from
Royston. Before closing, he added a bit
of court gossip:<span style="color: #444444;"> “</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Mr. Thomas Somerset and the Master of Orkney</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> fell out in the Balowne
Court at Whithall. </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Boxes on the eare passed on eyther</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> side, but no further hurt doon</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">; Mr. Sommerset was commanded to the Fleet,
whear he is yet, and the Master of Orkney to his chamber; what more will be
doon in it we know not yet</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">” (<i>Progresses</i> 465). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Now, it is
a bit unclear exactly what is meant by the term “Balowne Court,” but apparently
there was a game, invented by the Romans but still popular in England at the
time, played with a “Balowne, or Balloon, Follis [leather bag or handball]. . .
filled with wind” and requiring the use of a gauntlet (or glove) made of
leather thongs. The players protected their arms with wooden bracers like those
worn by archers to protect the forearm (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fosbroke 2:682). If this is, in fact, the intended meaning of <i>balowne court</i>, we can perhaps conclude
that Somerset and Stewart were playing a game of some sort when they fell to
fighting. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Young Thomas, later 1<sup>st</sup>
Viscount, Somerset was at that time a freshly received student at Gray’s Inn,
one of the Inns of Court where young men were educated for the law. He was also a member of the House of Commons,
and though he was obviously no slouch, the fact that he was sent to the Fleet
while Stewart was confined “in his chambers” probably is explained by their
social difference at this point in time, though it must be noted that the Fleet
did not hold common criminals, as Newgate did, but troublesome nobles or political
and religious dissidents.<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-d4jXcut9nEc/VFmw7jVlO-I/AAAAAAAAA44/QNuI7mp-Z_M/s1600/Elizabeth%2BHoward%2BCountess%2BCarrick.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-d4jXcut9nEc/VFmw7jVlO-I/AAAAAAAAA44/QNuI7mp-Z_M/s1600/Elizabeth%2BHoward%2BCountess%2BCarrick.jpg" height="320" width="207" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lady Elizabeth Howard</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Now, it should be noted
here that just nine days before this scuffle, on 26 October 1604, John Stewart,
aged 28, had married Lady Elizabeth Howard Southwell, aged 40 and the mother of
six children. It seems that with a
Scotsman on the throne of England, marriages with Scots, especially those close
to the king, were highly prized.
Elizabeth’s father was widower Charles Howard, 1<sup>st</sup> Earl of
Nottingham, whose “determination to be identified with the royal house” is
shown not only by his daughter’s marriage to John Stewart, but by his own
marriage on 2 June 1604 to Margaret Stewart</span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">(</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Brown 571).</span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> He was 67 and she, a teenager. Margaret was
sister to </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">James Stewart (or Stuart, as they were now beginning to style
themselves), 3</span><sup style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">rd</sup><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> earl of Moray, and a granddaughter on her mother’s
side to James Stewart, the Regent Moray (d. 1570)—another illegitimate son of
James V, a half-brother to Robert Stewart, and a half-uncle to John Stewart,
Master of Orkney. These relationships
seem to have trumped, in Nottingham’s mind, the December-May nature of the
alliances. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It is possible that
Nottingham desired these marital connections to the royal house of Stuart
inasmuch as he had been related to the previous monarch, Elizabeth I. What is more, his first wife, Catherine
Carey, had been a lady-in-waiting to Queen Elizabeth but, even more than that,
a dear personal friend and confidante of the queen. </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Certainly it would be
nice to maintain such connections with the royal family, but Nottingham had
still one more reason to push for a secure position in the new monarchy: he had
been instrumental in the queen’s decision to execute Mary, Queen of Scots, mother
of James VI and I. </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Nottingham had been
appointed as one of the commissioners for the Scottish queen’s trial for treason,
and, though he had not actually sat at the trial, he had led some of the
examinations in London in preparation for trial.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Contemporaries noted, in addition, that it
was through the urging of Nottingham that Elizabeth had finally decided to sign
her cousin’s death warrant (“Howard”).</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">King James had never really known his mother and had been raised as a
Protestant, but there were times when he first came into his majority, that he
greatly resented what his “handlers” had done to his mother. </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Better not to take chances, but to push
forward with new alliances that prove friendship with the new king.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Before her marriage to
John Stewart, Lady Southwell had been serving as lady-in-waiting to James’s
queen, Anne of Denmark. By early
February 1604, it was already being “confidently reported” that the Lady would
marry John Stewart, Master of Orkney. Edward
Somerset, 1<sup>st</sup> earl of Worcester, had commented on the impending
marriage in a letter to another courtier, adding this note about the
environment in which the ladies-in-waiting served: “</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%;">[T</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">]he plotting and mallice amongst them is sutche, that I
thinke Envy hathe teyd an invisible snake abowt most of ther neks to sting on
another to deathe.” Perhaps it was time
for Lady Elizabeth to move on, albeit with a husband about half her age (<i>Progresses 464).<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">One of the first properties acquired by John
Stewart was a gift from the Earl of Nottingham, his father-in-law. The accounts of the Paymaster of Works (1600-1601)
has the following entry: <span style="background: white;">“The Ladie Southwell, for money by her L<sup>a</sup><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>. [Ladyship] layde out for the
repayringe of the house called Hances house, sometymes appointed for an
Armorie, adioyninge to her Ma<sup>t </sup> <span class="apple-converted-space"> [Majesty’s] </span>Orcharde at Whitehall” (“Bowling
Green”).</span></span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Property adjoining the orchard at Whitehall was prestigious
indeed and goes some way toward confirming Earl Charles’ social ambitions for
his daughter and her new husband.<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Xnyeq5_7saU/VFmzOh7pfoI/AAAAAAAAA5E/nhTrqmHiH_k/s1600/Whitehall%2B2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Xnyeq5_7saU/VFmzOh7pfoI/AAAAAAAAA5E/nhTrqmHiH_k/s1600/Whitehall%2B2.jpg" height="228" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Whitehall Palace with Bowling Green at left</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The next big step for
John Stewart occurred on 10 August 1607 when King James created a title
for him, Lord Kincleven (variously spelled as <i>Kinclaven</i>). For his
financial support, he obtained charters in 1616 “of the dominical lands and
mill of the Monastery of Crossregal, of the lands of Ballorsom, and of the
lands of Knockronnall, and the <span style="background: white;">barony
of Grenane,</span>” which were parts of the ancient but then extinct earldom of
Carrick in Ayrshire (W. Anderson 597). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Stewart received these honors despite the
fact that his brother, Patrick, 2<sup>nd</sup> earl of Orkney, and Patrick’s
son Robert had been found guilty of treason and executed in 1615. That John seems to have played no role at all
in the intrigues and rebellions of Patrick and Robert testifies to his loyalty
to the government of his cousin, King James VI and I, in whose train he had
traveled to London in 1603 and to whom he owed his title and his advantageous marriage. Nor had he been involved with the treasonous
activities of his father, who was imprisoned in the late 1570s.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">After King Charles I
came to the throne in 1625, Kincleven sought the title Earl of Carrick in view
of his possession of these lands. The
process to renew the earldom in Stewart’s name was soon halted, however, when
Sir John Hope, the Lord Advocate, advised the Privy Council that the earldom of
Carrick “was one always borne by the heir-apparent to the Crown” (Tudor 368) and could not
be transferred to Stewart. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-TIG-RZ6-2bc/VFmz9DEsvwI/AAAAAAAAA5M/cYfpiiKcF_U/s1600/Eday%2BOrkney.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-TIG-RZ6-2bc/VFmz9DEsvwI/AAAAAAAAA5M/cYfpiiKcF_U/s1600/Eday%2BOrkney.jpg" height="320" width="255" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Orkney Islands, Eday upper center</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">However, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kincleven<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>pointed out that “the title he had assumed was derived from<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Carrick<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>in Orkney and not<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Carrick<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>in Ayrshire” (Balfour 441). This is an interesting sleight-of-hand in that Stewart did
not receive the charter for Eday, where Orcadian Carrick supposedly lay, until
he received the letters patent for the title Earl of Carrick (in Orkney)
(“Eday, Carrick House”).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Some have even
speculated that Stewart deliberately named a corner of his holdings Carrick afterward,
in order to meet the letter of the law. This
conjecture is based on the fact that there is no evidence of a place named
Carrick in Orkney before this time (Crichton-Stuart). What’s more, the place
name <i>Carrick</i> derives from the Gaelic word <i>caraig</i>,
meaning <i>crag,</i> while place names in Orkney are almost exclusively
derived from Norse origins, Orkney having belonged to Norway until1468 (Bell
247). But whether it existed at the
moment of Lord Kinclevan’s argument, the king was content with this solution, and
the patent for the earldom of Carrick was delivered to Stewart by the Lord
Chancellor <span style="background: white;">on 14 December 1630, “which patent
the said earl accepted on his knees,<span class="apple-converted-space"> his
ambition now being gratified” (W. Anderson 597). Certainly, he became busy in 1631 building Balmerino House in Leith (<i>Gentleman’s </i>595) and in 1633 building
Carrick House on his lands in Eday (Bell), which may have been an attempt to
bolster his prestige and his claim to the name Carrick.<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-RbTrpsWbnZ0/VFm144IipQI/AAAAAAAAA5k/Pk-FeBMRa6M/s1600/Balmerino%2BHouse.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-RbTrpsWbnZ0/VFm144IipQI/AAAAAAAAA5k/Pk-FeBMRa6M/s1600/Balmerino%2BHouse.jpg" height="200" width="136" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Balmerino House</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="background: white;"><span class="apple-converted-space"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Once Stewart had been created an earl, it necessarily followed that he would acquire a
coat of arms, which has been described, thus: "The arms of this Earl were
quarterly, first and fourth or [gold], a lion rampant gules [red], armed and langued
azure, within a double tressure flory-counterflory gules, and all again
within a bordure company azure and argent; second and third, azure, a galley at
anchor within a double tressure flory counterflory or” (Crichton-Stuart 102).<span class="apple-converted-space"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">With the earldom there
also came new charters and commissions.
In 1630, Earl John was named Commissioner of Fisheries. On 14 January 1632, Charles I showed his
favor when he “erected Carrick and the port of Calf Sound in the island of Eday
in Orkney into a burgh of barony” (Crichton-Stuart). The term <i>burgh
of barony</i> refers to a town on estates held by a landowner directly from the
crown. Sometimes landowners who were
granted burghs of barony were also given authority to hold weekly markets, to
collect taxes, to oversee criminal courts, and even to apply the death penalty,
but historians have pointed out that “there is no indication that any form of
municipal government was ever constituted” in Earl Carrick’s lands
(Crichton-Stuart). Two and a half years
later, on 14 June 1634, Stewart was also given a charter of the easterly and
westerly lands of Corstorphine, near Edinburgh, with an entailment for his
heirs (Paul 441). <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In 1633, the earl of
Carrick undertook the building of Carrick House, located on Calf Sound on the
eastern side of Eday (see below). It looks out to
sea between the so-called Red Heads of Eday. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-s4gISaEG-Bk/VFm0hcQEMFI/AAAAAAAAA5U/7DYRO0HNaAQ/s1600/Carrick%2BHouse.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-s4gISaEG-Bk/VFm0hcQEMFI/AAAAAAAAA5U/7DYRO0HNaAQ/s1600/Carrick%2BHouse.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Carrick House, Eday</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-dX-WSG576kY/VGUcmShx3eI/AAAAAAAAA6Y/mQW-rCGUbbg/s1600/Carrick%2BHouse%2Bstone%2Bwork.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-dX-WSG576kY/VGUcmShx3eI/AAAAAAAAA6Y/mQW-rCGUbbg/s200/Carrick%2BHouse%2Bstone%2Bwork.jpg" width="150" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Work at Carrick House, 2014<br />
(Watson)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> According to one source, Stewart chose this
remote location due to “some discontent which fell out between him and his Lady” (Brand
37). Be that as it may, Carrick House was a two-and-a-half
storied house with a slated roof and crow-step gables, which were in vogue among
the Scottish baronial set of the day. The
date <i>1633</i> can still be seen in the round-arched keystone in the north wall, but
the arms engraved above the door are those of subsequent owners, the family of Sir John Buchanan (Bell 238). Over the years, additions have been made to
the house, which still stands intact today, and even now in the fall of 2014 renovations are being done by Orkney-based Colin Watson Stonework, in particular the Buchanan arms (see at left and below) (Watson).</span></span><br />
<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span>
<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Gg8hAVvvrZ4/VGUc8R8upaI/AAAAAAAAA6g/7akgaY-ocyU/s1600/Carrick%2BHouse%2Bstone%2Bwork%2B3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Gg8hAVvvrZ4/VGUc8R8upaI/AAAAAAAAA6g/7akgaY-ocyU/s200/Carrick%2BHouse%2Bstone%2Bwork%2B3.jpg" width="150" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">New Stonework of<br />
Buchanan Arms (Watson)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></span>
<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">However, it was Stewart himself who established on the site twelve
salt-pans—shallow containers or depressions where salt water is left to
evaporate, leaving usable salt for human use.
He apparently had a view toward foreign trade in salt but died before he
could bring his idea to fruition. Only
one of the salt-pans can be seen at the present time (Brand 38).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">As the Reformation
advanced in Scotland, the Stewarts, like other Scottish barons of the day,
found themselves in tumultuous times.
Robert Stewart’s half-brother, James Stewart, 1<sup>st</sup> earl of
Moray—another illegitimate son of James V—was one of the strongest champions of
the Presbyterian cause against his Catholic half-sister, Mary, Queen of Scots. As Regent of Scotland, he had made sure that
the young King James VI was raised as a Protestant, and in 1588 the king
appointed his half-uncle, Robert Stewart, to his commission against the
Jesuits, who were being obliged to leave the country. Still, this is no sign of inward belief, and
it is known that a Roman Catholic funeral service was offered at the elder Stewart’s
passing in 1592 (Tudor 253).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Then in August and
September of 1643 came the signing of the Solemn League and Covenant, an
agreement between Presbyterian Scots and the Cromwellian Parliamentarians in England, who opposed
Charles I, by which a Presbyterian-parliamentarian union of England, Scotland,
and Ireland was formed. Signing the
Covenant was a prerequisite to office-holding in England and Scotland, so, not
surprisingly, John Stewart did subscribe the Covenant (Balfour 441).<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-LssYuNIvgZc/VFm1B-1nm1I/AAAAAAAAA5c/PhQUwcH5xac/s1600/Solemn%2BLeague%2Band%2BCovenant.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-LssYuNIvgZc/VFm1B-1nm1I/AAAAAAAAA5c/PhQUwcH5xac/s1600/Solemn%2BLeague%2Band%2BCovenant.jpg" height="214" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Solemn League and Covenant</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The exact date of John
Stewart’s death is unknown. According to <i>The Peerage</i>, he died somewhere between </span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">late
1643 and early 1645/46 (</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px; text-align: start;">“</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">John Stewart</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;">”</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">). </span><o:p></o:p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;">We know that the Covenant did not make its way to Kirkwall in the Orkneys until December 1643, and since Stewart did accept the Covenant, we know he was still alive at that time. He would have been sixty-seven at the time. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">John
Stewart left only one surviving legitimate child, Margaret Stewart, born c.
1605, who, in 1630, married the Englishman Sir Matthew (John) Mennes, who
became a Knight of the Bath at the coronation of Charles I. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Though
he had tried to obtain his brother’s lands in Orkney, he had failed, (P.
Anderson “Stewart”) and at his death in 1643, the titles and honors he had been
awarded by the Stewart kings became extinct.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In
summing up, the life of John Stewart provides us a look into the system of court
patronage and how illegitimate sons—and grandsons—of kings could cultivate
friendships, make advantageous marriages, and scrap together baronies for
themselves—albeit in the forgotten northern isles. Carrick in Orkney was probably a non-existent
place when Stewart received the title Earl of Carrick in Orkney. Eday is an island only about eight miles long
and (today) “home to 150 people who are vastly outnumbered by the isle’s
wildlife and bird population” (“Eday”). It
was probably not much different when it belonged to John Stewart, but the land
perhaps mattered less to Stewart than the title, which gave him at least the pretense
of equality among the peers of the realm.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 19px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;"><br />Works Cited</span></span><br />
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tudor,
John R. <i><span style="background: white;">The
Orkneys and Shetland: Their Past and Present State. </span></i><span style="background: white;">London: Stanford, 1883. <i>Internet Archive. </i>31 Jul 2008. Web. 31 Oct 2014. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Watson, Colin. Colin
Watson Stoneworks. Breck, Orphir, Orkney.
<a href="http://www.facebook.com/ColinWatsonStonework/info">www.facebook.com/ColinWatsonStonework/info</a>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“Witchcraft in the Orkney Islands: The Torture of Alesoun
Balfour.” <i>Orkneyjar: The Heritage of the
Orkney Islands. </i>Web. Accessed 23 Oct 2014.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Wright,
Thomas. <i>Narratives of Sorcery and Magic. </i>New York: Redfield, 1852.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(c) Eileen Cunningham 2014</span></div>
E. Cunninghamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10093850882638921077noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462537054197231022.post-3454070818435935992014-03-08T19:18:00.000-08:002014-03-08T19:18:00.713-08:00Amanuensis Monday: Ezekiel Sanford's Schedule of Real and Personal Property, 1820<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 10px/1.3 Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 1em 0px; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-yZ3aNGVszKo/UxvWJfTE5vI/AAAAAAAAA4I/EPMtm0cWvHI/s1600/Ezekiel+Sanford+Property.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-yZ3aNGVszKo/UxvWJfTE5vI/AAAAAAAAA4I/EPMtm0cWvHI/s1600/Ezekiel+Sanford+Property.jpg" height="320" width="194" /></a><span data-mce-style="font-size: medium;" style="font-size: small;">Transcribed with capitalization and spelling kept as in the original:</span></div>
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<span data-mce-style="font-size: medium;" style="font-size: small;">Schedule of the property, both real and personal, of Ezekiel Sanford of the Town of Dryden in the County of Tompkins, necessary clothing and bedding Excepted. </span></div>
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<span data-mce-style="font-size: medium;" style="font-size: small;">Made the 27th day of September 1820 (viz.)</span></div>
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<span data-mce-style="font-size: medium;" style="font-size: small;">Real Estate, Twenty-three acres and one half acre of Land about ten acres of which is tolerable good, the residue rough. Stony, side Hill. No Buildings Except poor old Logg ones below $150.</span></div>
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<span data-mce-style="font-size: medium;" style="font-size: small;">Personal Property Consists of the following articles: one Small cow, one calf, two piggs, and one old axe, one old hoe, one old cracked five pail Kettle, one small porridge Pot old, one old dish Kittle cracked, one pine Board chest, one common old Table, five old chairs, three Earthen plates, one old pewter plate, two old Iron spoons, four old case Knives [i.e., table knives] and five forks, one small Looking glass, six bricks , one old fire shovel 54 years old, and one old pair of Tongs of the same age, one pair of old fire loggs*, one small Tea Kittle, one Tea pot, three cups and saucers, one tin cup, two tin pans, two pails, two bowls, one barrel, two furkins [i.e., firkins, or casks], two bottles, one half acre of corn $350.</span></div>
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<span data-mce-style="font-size: medium;" style="font-size: small;">The said Sanford owes $28..00.</span></div>
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<span data-mce-style="font-size: medium;" style="font-size: small;"> his</span></div>
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<span data-mce-style="font-size: medium;" style="font-size: small;">Subscribed and sword to in open court Ezekiel X Sanford</span></div>
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<span data-mce-style="font-size: medium;" style="font-size: small;">before me this 27th day of Sept. mark</span></div>
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<span data-mce-style="font-size: medium;" style="font-size: small;">1820. Augustus Crary, one of the Judges of Tompkins Common Pleas</span></div>
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<span data-mce-style="font-size: medium;" style="font-size: small;">The court value[s] the above Real Estate at $150</span></div>
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<span data-mce-style="font-size: medium;" style="font-size: small;">and the personal Estate at <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span data-mce-style="text-decoration: underline;" style="text-decoration: underline;"> 25</span></span></div>
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<span data-mce-style="font-size: medium;" style="font-size: small;"> $175</span></div>
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<span data-mce-style="font-size: medium;" style="font-size: small;">*"</span><span data-mce-style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Because Colonial fireplaces were so large, some more than 10 feet deep, the fires were often hot enough to crack the bricks on the back wall. To prevent this, an implement called a<strong><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>firelog</strong><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>or fireback--made from green wood--was situated along the back wall. In later years the firelog was made of iron." (</span><span data-mce-style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline;" style="border: 0px currentColor; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Read more: <a href="http://www.ehow.com/info_8440046_colonial-fireplace-tools.html#ixzz2vQUPtYsn">http://www.ehow.com/info_8440046_colonial-fireplace-tools.html#ixzz2vQUPtYsn</a>)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"></span><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; background-image: none !important; border: currentColor !important; color: #333333; float: none !important; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 13.33px/21.66px "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; width: 478.43px; word-spacing: 0px;">
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<br style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 13.33px/21.66px "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" /><a href="http://www.geneabloggers.com/">http://www.geneabloggers.com</a>E. Cunninghamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10093850882638921077noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462537054197231022.post-32519648037624251192014-01-09T20:20:00.002-08:002023-01-03T12:01:45.044-08:00Thriller Thursday - The Beall Murder, Ohio, 1887 - Gard Line<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">By Eileen Cunningham and Debra Crumbaker</span></div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-OuWCttHYMgs/Us9cjuVbJBI/AAAAAAAAA28/UxbDJCyJNbI/s1600/last+qtr+moon.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-OuWCttHYMgs/Us9cjuVbJBI/AAAAAAAAA28/UxbDJCyJNbI/s1600/last+qtr+moon.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="132" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Last Quarter Phase<br />
Photo by Ed Ting</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span>On the night of June 13, 1887, the moon was in its last quarter phase, half bathing Preble County, Ohio, in its eerie glow, and half hidden in darkness. </span><span>It's hard to say where William Beall, his daughter Edith, and his son Johnny spent that first night after the murder of Nancy Gard Beall, wife of William and mother of the two children. Perhaps at the home of Nancy's maiden sister, Hannah Gard, who resided in Eaton, about eight miles north of the home where Nancy had met a violent death that afternoon. Did they sleep? Or did the vision of his mom trying to raise her head out of the pool of blood circling on the floor around her keep young Johnny awake that night? More than half the moon was hidden in darkness that June 13.</span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-jtO5CwqajkA/UsyuKasTkZI/AAAAAAAAA2o/4h5VJNbG884/s1600/Colt+Frontier+6+Shooter.JPG" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-jtO5CwqajkA/UsyuKasTkZI/AAAAAAAAA2o/4h5VJNbG884/s1600/Colt+Frontier+6+Shooter.JPG" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Colt Frontier Six-Shooter, c. 1884</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: medium; line-height: 115%;">“Horror of Horrors” screamed the headline of the <i>Eaton
[Ohio] Register</i>, June 16, 1887. On the previous Monday, June 13,
Nancy Beall, daughter of Little John Gard and wife of William T. Beall, had been
found murdered in her home about five miles south of Eaton in Preble County’s
Gaspar township. </span></div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-SxGH1zge-Rk/Us9n07E2VPI/AAAAAAAAA3I/s3V3ING1to4/s1600/axe.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-SxGH1zge-Rk/Us9n07E2VPI/AAAAAAAAA3I/s3V3ING1to4/s1600/axe.jpg" width="158" /></span></a></div>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;">According to the first news report, Nancy “was found
lying on her face, cold in death.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;">Two
bullets had perforated her brain and were found in the
ceiling," first reports said. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;">Her head was terribly mangled by
an ax and almost severed from her body.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;">
</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;">Two revolvers were found lying beside her and belonged to parties in the family, and four chambers were empty.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;">The
ax was also lying near, which was an old rusty one newly sharpened.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;">The walls and furniture were stained with
blood, while the carpet was thoroughly saturated with its crimson flow.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;">A darker or more fearful crime was never
known in this county, and it will form a black page in our county’s history.”</span><a href="file:///F:/Ancestry/Horror%20of%20Horrors.docx" name="_ednref1" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[i]</span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-b2LqhbMlQIs/UsULXpmB7yI/AAAAAAAAAxE/--ztwB1t9-k/s1600/carriage-01.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-b2LqhbMlQIs/UsULXpmB7yI/AAAAAAAAAxE/--ztwB1t9-k/s1600/carriage-01.png" /></span></a><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-b2LqhbMlQIs/UsULXpmB7yI/AAAAAAAAAxE/--ztwB1t9-k/s1600/carriage-01.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium; line-height: 115%;">It
is standard procedure in our own time to look first at the husband when a woman
is murdered, and apparently the instinct was the same in Preble County in those
first few days. Folks were pointing
fingers at William Beall, largely because of a rumor that his 14-year-old
daughter, Edith, who had accompanied him into town the day of the murder, had
said that her father had gotten out of the buggy and returned to the house
after they had left on their errands.
However, on June 23, the <i>Register</i> reported Edith's clarifying statement that, on the contrary,
that had <i>not</i> happened. Edith stated that at some point during their
excursion to town, they had driven by their home. “Her mother,” the <i>Register</i> reported, “was standing in the door of the house as they
drove by and hands were waved.”<a href="file:///F:/Ancestry/Horror%20of%20Horrors.docx" name="_ednref2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;">[ii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-pJzwi59yrwg/UsUhtVo0dfI/AAAAAAAAAzc/7wqecrT_RfI/s1600/Dock+(rumex).JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" height="125" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-pJzwi59yrwg/UsUhtVo0dfI/AAAAAAAAAzc/7wqecrT_RfI/s200/Dock+(rumex).JPG" width="200" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Broad-leafed Dock (Rumex)</span></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium; line-height: 115%;">The
only other person in the house at the time of the murder was Nancy’s son,
13-year-old Johnny, who gave the following account of what had happened: “After dinner I hitched up the horse for
father to go to town, and after he had gone, I went out in the road and cut
dock<a href="file:///F:/Ancestry/Horror%20of%20Horrors.docx" name="_ednref3" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;">[iii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> and wheeled it into the
barn. I was tired and went to the house
and mother said, ‘You look pale and hot,’ and I told her I was tired. </span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-G_E-OJexPHw/UsUPoaezTWI/AAAAAAAAAxM/wdRmsKNLscE/s1600/tramps.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-G_E-OJexPHw/UsUPoaezTWI/AAAAAAAAAxM/wdRmsKNLscE/s200/tramps.jpg" width="131" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">"Tramps"?</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;">
</span>
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;">
“I noticed the clock and it was ten minutes of
three o’clock, and I laid down on the floor in the west front room and went to
sleep. I was awakened by the shots of
the pistol and saw three men in the room, one a tall and slender man, the other
two shorter and heavy set; they were tolerable well dressed in dark clothing. The tall man had the ax in his hand, and the
other two men each had a pistol in their hands.
Mother was lying on the floor with her face down. I heard her scream when the shots were fired
and she raised her head a little. I did
not see the men’s faces. The men’s hands
that the revolvers fired were bloody.”</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;">Another news account includes Johnny's statement that he woke up in time to see the tramps leaving with a watch and some money. </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"> Then, “I
slipped out on my tip-toes and ran as hard as I could to where Mr. Pace [an
African-American field hand] was plowing corn, about one-half mile away. I told him there were three men up at the
house murdering ma and they had pistols and an ax. After hitching the horses we went back as
hard as we could. After we got to the branch
[i.e., creek], Pace went over to [Odey] Casey’s to get someone to go with him
into the house. After he and some others
came back, we went into the house.”<a href="file:///F:/Ancestry/Horror%20of%20Horrors.docx" name="_ednref4" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;">[iv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-SFjCTDnjpLc/UsURUUL6zNI/AAAAAAAAAxY/H9M4_zl7jjM/s1600/farm+worker.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LXu2zehQd90/UtBwsmNuCKI/AAAAAAAAA3o/80FhgZy1Gr0/s1600/Beall+Farm.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" height="172" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LXu2zehQd90/UtBwsmNuCKI/AAAAAAAAA3o/80FhgZy1Gr0/w228-h172/Beall+Farm.jpg" width="228" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">
Beall farm with residence lower right. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">
The original home no longer exists, but</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">
the pond, grounds, roads, and fields </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">
are probably much the same as they were</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">
in 1887. (Google Earth image)</span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;">When questioned about the blood on his clothing, Johnny gave these
details, some of which conflicted with his first statement: “When I awoke, my
feet were about two feet from my mother’s feet and my head about the length of
my arm away from her head, and the men were standing between me and ma. When I ran down after Mr. Pace, I did not
stop at the branch and wash the blood off my hands and face. When I woke up, I felt there was some blood
on my face, and I rubbed it off with my sleeve.
When I came back to the branch with Pace, I dipped my hands into the
water. There was some blood on my boot,
some on my shirt sleeve and some on my face.”<o:p></o:p></span><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;">Regarding
his interactions with his parents that day, Johnny stated, “I had no difficulty
with my ma after I had hitched up the horse for my father. I asked my mother if she had told father that
I hadn’t hitched up, and she said she did. I told her I had hitched up, but not
at the same place we usually hitched up.
She said she didn’t think to look at any other place. Then I went out and cut dock.” <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-SFjCTDnjpLc/UsURUUL6zNI/AAAAAAAAAxY/H9M4_zl7jjM/s1600/farm+worker.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="clear: left; float: left; font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="226" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-SFjCTDnjpLc/UsURUUL6zNI/AAAAAAAAAxY/H9M4_zl7jjM/w161-h226/farm+worker.jpg" width="161" /></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;">The
next to be interviewed was Mr. Pace (probably Malvin Pace, who would have been
52 in 1887, or his eldest son, Frank, 26).
Pace testified that he indeed had been plowing corn when Johnny
approached. He hitched the horses and
started for the house. </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;">On the way, he encountered a man the news report identified
as “Mr. Colors” (perhaps Moses Colur, another African-American farm worker in
Preble County, age 30), who was mowing grass along the fence in a wheat field. Pace asked Colors (or Colur)<span style="color: #0070c0;"> </span>to
join them, and upon reaching the creek, he went over to Odey Casey’s place to
get more help. When they reached the
Beall home, they went into the house and “beheld the blood curdling sight
detailed above.”</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7-iwTfLDUrE/UsURpEc1KfI/AAAAAAAAAxg/lbTIMWp1jHA/s1600/taking+money.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7-iwTfLDUrE/UsURpEc1KfI/AAAAAAAAAxg/lbTIMWp1jHA/s200/taking+money.JPG" width="199" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium; line-height: 115%;">Then
William Beall, Nancy’s husband, was questioned.
“He stated he left home a little after one o’clock and returned after
five.” He said he had “heard of the
murder while on the way home. When he
returned home, he made some examination as to whether anything was missing from
the house, but found nothing. The next
morning he made a more thorough examination and found that from $7 to $12,
which his wife had placed between the straw-tick and feather-tick of the bed
had been taken, also about 30 cents, belonging to his daughter, had been taken
from her pocketbook, and 15 cents from the vest pocket of his son, and a small
box containing a locket, with his picture in it. Some rings and pieces of gold are also
missing.” (The ambiguity of the pronoun <i>hi</i>s makes it unclear whether the picture
was of the husband or the son.) Mr. Beall set one thing straight in his testimony as well. Various news accounts reported a statement of Johnny’s that he had seen the “tramps” leaving with his mother’s gold watch and chain as well as a $50 note, but Beall testified that he had found these items “locked up in a drawer and not disturbed.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;">Regarding
the boy’s relationship with his mother, the father stated that “no trouble had
ever existed between the boy and his mother and on that day there was none to
his knowledge.” However, the <i>New Paris Mirror</i> of Preble County reported
that week, “</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;">The boy has been
causing his parents considerable trouble for some time, by his refractory
conduct. At the breakfast table
yesterday morning the boy quarreled with his mother and now says he made her
take back all she said.”<a href="file:///F:/Ancestry/Horror%20of%20Horrors.docx" name="_ednref5" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;">[v]</span></span></span></a></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-XM3vtR6QhRE/UsUS0cfcfcI/AAAAAAAAAxs/3N6ntCQwFXQ/s1600/trunk.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-e-jBlTguyjo/UsYjLZjxENI/AAAAAAAAA2c/VvWnB5WQ2tQ/s1600/trunk+2.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" height="135" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-e-jBlTguyjo/UsYjLZjxENI/AAAAAAAAA2c/VvWnB5WQ2tQ/s200/trunk+2.jpg" width="200" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium; line-height: 115%;">The
inquest continued the next day, Thursday, June 16, in Camden, a town in the southern part of Gasper township, where Thomas O’Neil testified before Squire James
Poterf. He revealed “that he was the
first to go in and touch the body. He
stated that it was cold and that the furniture in the room was not
disturbed. On going upstairs, he found
the bedclothes tossed about and some drawers pulled out. A trunk in the room had the hinges broken but was locked, and when he attempted to open it, the lid raised from the hinge
side. He also saw blood on the stone walk
leading from the house to the barn and also what he took for blood on the
gate. The witnesses who first entered
the house all substantially agree as to the facts connected with the discovery
of the body.<a href="file:///F:/Ancestry/Horror%20of%20Horrors.docx" name="_ednref6" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;">[vi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: large;">“There
were no marks upon the body of the deceased that would indicate that she had
been assaulted with a view of outraging her person,” the news report concluded.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;">Putting
all the facts together, on Friday, June 17, Coroner C. C. Jones announced his
conclusions: “I do find the deceased, Mrs. Nancy C. Beall, came to her death by
two pistol-shot wounds through the brain, one shot entering the temporal bone
on the left side, just back of the left eye, and making its exit on the
opposite side; the other shot being an inch or an inch and a half back of the
one described, and making its exit at the outer angle of the orbit on the right
side. Also, two ax wounds on the back of
the neck, between the head and shoulders, completely severing the spinal
column, either of said wounds being sufficient to cause death. I further find that while it seems almost
impossible to conceive that one so young, and especially a son, would commit
such an atrocious crime, yet the evidence presented to me and the circumstances
surrounding the case are so strong that I feel warranted in fixing the crime on
John A. Beall.”<a href="file:///F:/Ancestry/Horror%20of%20Horrors.docx" name="_ednref7" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;">[vii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium; line-height: 115%;">Immediately
a warrant was issued for Johnny’s arrest, and Marshal Cortland “Court” Corwin tracked the boy
down at the Eaton residence of his aunt, Hannah Gard, sister of the
murder victim. They found him lying on
the floor in an upstairs room, trying to go to sleep. He was
arrested and taken before the mayor, W. B. Marsh, at which time a preliminary
investigation was waived. He was then
“committed to Jail without bail.”<a href="file:///F:/Ancestry/Horror%20of%20Horrors.docx" name="_ednref8" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;">[viii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-UI8H1EeFpd4/UsYUTlZnSoI/AAAAAAAAA1c/t1nwYdu7cwc/s1600/Johnny+Beall0004.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-UI8H1EeFpd4/UsYUTlZnSoI/AAAAAAAAA1c/t1nwYdu7cwc/s1600/Johnny+Beall0004.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-UI8H1EeFpd4/UsYUTlZnSoI/AAAAAAAAA1c/t1nwYdu7cwc/s200/Johnny+Beall0004.jpg" width="142" /></span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;">At
this point in the narrative, the news article records a strange interlude that
gives some insight into Johnny Beall’s psyche.
The boy took the matter of his jailing “coolly,” we are told, and “before
going to Jail, he went to the gallery of Harlan and Lewellen and had his
photograph taken. While standing for the
picture, he was perfectly calm.”<a href="file:///F:/Ancestry/Horror%20of%20Horrors.docx" name="_ednref9" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;">[ix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Later a newspaperman would draw a sketch from the photo (left), which shows a placid, self-possessed, and well-dressed lad with perhaps—can you see it?—just the hint of a smile. (Hmmmm. Well-dressed. Is this how the boy used the money he found tucked inside the mattress? To get for himself the new suit of clothes that he had expected to buy earlier in the day? To pay for a photo to show the world his moxie?) Today </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;">psychologists are exploring the link
between narcissism and the psychopathic personality. Is it possible that in this diversion, we see
that link? </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"></span><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;">
</span>
</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="clear: left; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><div align="justify">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-0sa3jiLAyuM/UsUTI7kNzUI/AAAAAAAAAx0/p7F83JBxf64/s1600/Preble+Co+Courthouse.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" height="118" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-0sa3jiLAyuM/UsUTI7kNzUI/AAAAAAAAAx0/p7F83JBxf64/s200/Preble+Co+Courthouse.jpg" width="200" /></span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">
Preble County Courthouse, 1887</span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium; line-height: 115%;">When he was asked if he had seen his mother at any time since the murder, “His eyes filled up and he wiped them with his
handkerchief and said, ‘Yes, I can see her every time I shut my eyes to go to
sleep.’ When asked how she looked, he
said: ‘She appeared just like she looked when she was lying on the floor in the
struggle, and like she looked when we all went in to see her and the blood was
all over her. I can see her raise her
head up like she did when she was on the floor.’” He confessed that he had not
slept much since the murder and “not a wink” the night before. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: large;">Johnny
arrived at the jail in the company of his father and Marshal Corwin. Expressing perhaps a bit of paranoia, he
asked the sheriff to “keep the doors all locked so that no one could get to
him.” Mr. Beall also requested that no
one be allowed to talk to the boy.
Johnny spent the afternoon alone in his cell. “He stood up by a window that faced the Court-house,
and was reading a paper,” the </span><i style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: large;">Register</i><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: large;">
noted. “When he passed down street to
the gallery, hundreds of people were on the street to see him, and everyone was
surprised to see how small he is and HOW COMPLACENTLY HE WALKED ALONG [emphasis
in original].”</span><a href="file:///F:/Ancestry/Horror%20of%20Horrors.docx" name="_ednref10" style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: large;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;">[x]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"></span><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;">
</span>
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium; line-height: 115%;">We
get a bit more insight into what today would be called Johnny’s “affect” with
this notation in the <i>Register</i>: “His
good nerve and unconcern were noticed by all, and was the subject of general
remark. He is unquestionably undergoing
a most tortuous experience, and if he did the act, he will in all probability
weaken and confess.” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;">The
townspeople were mystified. “There has
never anything occurred in this county that has so shocked everyone. The frightfully brutal manner in which the
woman was butchered up, and the thought that a son could be so inhuman as to
kill his mother, is so shocking that people can hardly believe it possible.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;">“There
is no disposition to act rash with him.
There is not a father or mother but hopes and prays that the grave suspicions
may be removed, and that the boy may not be guilty.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;">One
cannot imagine what was racing through the mind of William Beall. His wife murdered, his son in jail, the facts
all pointing to the worst imaginable scenario.
It goes some way toward showing the strength of a father’s love in that
he not only accompanied Johnny to the jail and made a special request for the
boy’s privacy, but that he also asked to be allowed to remain with the boy in
his cell that first night. However, the
Sheriff considered it better that the boy remain alone. He later reported that Johnny had “eaten his
dinner and supper all right” and that he remained “unmoved, quiet, and
unconcerned.” At 9 o’clock that night,
there was no sign that Johnny was going to break down and confess. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-jqwawvClwmg/UsUZqZortmI/AAAAAAAAAyE/N1VVVmzVinI/s1600/century+of+detective.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-jqwawvClwmg/UsUZqZortmI/AAAAAAAAAyE/N1VVVmzVinI/s200/century+of+detective.jpg" width="133" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium; line-height: 115%;">The
first night of Johnny’s confinement in the jail was June 17, four days after
the murder. A confession did not come
until August 1.<a href="file:///F:/Ancestry/Horror%20of%20Horrors.docx" name="_ednref11" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;">[xi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> It came about in this way: Sheriff Daniel Peters had enlisted the aid of
two detectives with the Hazen Detective Agency of Cincinnati to pose as
prisoners, build a relationship with Johnny, and try to get a jailhouse
confession out of him. To that end, a
young man signed into the Eagle House hotel, registering as a P. S. Fay. After a few days, the sheriff received a
telegram from Chief Locke of Newport, Kentucky, requesting the arrest of “Fay”
until authorities from Kentucky could complete the necessary paperwork to
return him for trial. So, Fay, accused
of being a safe-burglar, was arrested and thrown into the jail where Johnny was
being housed Only the sheriff and the
prosecuting attorney, Crisler (probably 30-year-old A. Milton Crisler), were
aware of the ruse. Since the mayor was
not aware of the scheme, the undercover detective had a bit of a start when the
mayor appeared at the jail and kindly informed Fay that “the officers here
could not keep him in jail over twenty-four hours.” The mayor indicated he could secure Fay’s
release, which was, in fact, the last thing the undercover detective actually
wanted. But Fay was apparently a quick
thinker and feigned distrust, saying, “You are the mayor, aren’t you?”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;">“Yes,”
came the reply.</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;">“Well,
I’m onto your game,” he said. “You want
to see me released, and then you will have me arrested again.” He refused to have any more to do with the
mayor, who was totally unaware of what was going on under his nose. It is hard to know why Peters and Crisler did
not let the mayor in on the ploy, or why the mayor wished to undermine the
temporary imprisonment of a supposed Kentucky safe-burglar wanted by
authorities in Newport. Perhaps this is
a sign of bad blood among the various authorities in the town, but the man
calling himself P. S. Fay managed to navigate the deep waters of local politics
and remain in the jail close to Johnny.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br />
</span><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-34rGEw3Swnk/UsYTg4ooKuI/AAAAAAAAA1M/SZkqOBRrqeo/s1600/Folsom.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-34rGEw3Swnk/UsYTg4ooKuI/AAAAAAAAA1M/SZkqOBRrqeo/s200/Folsom.jpg" width="200" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Model of Folsom in the same era</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium; line-height: 115%;">Now,
at the same time, there was another prisoner in the jail—an actual prisoner,
not one of Sheriff Peters’ planted detectives.
Identified only as “Ekes” in the newspaper, the prisoner was in jail on
a charge of horse-stealing. Ekes
observed that on the second day “Fay” was in the jail, he approached Johnny
twice to engage him in conversation.
Now, Ekes suspected that Fay “was not really a safe-burglar, and on the
third day, when Fay was getting on a friendly footing with the boy, Ekes called
the boy aside and told him to say nothing to Fay, that he thought Fay was a
detective.”</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium; line-height: 115%;">Whether
Ekes was really that perceptive or not, it is known that Ekes was not so
interested in helping Johnny as in reserving for himself the right of
extracting information from Johnny in order to inform on the boy
himself—winning himself some jailhouse perks for his trouble, no doubt. Ekes also questioned Fay closely about his
“pals” and tried to pass information to the sheriff, who, of course, had to
play along with Ekes’s little game. But
the damage was done. Johnny no longer
wished to speak with Fay. However, for
the first time, Johnny did show emotion.
“[T]he boy had had his suspicions aroused and was almost entirely
uncommunicative. He appeared terribly
rattled, and on several occasions appeared on the point of talking. He made a number of damaging admissions, and
it was due to the terrible stage to which he was worked up by the suspicion
that a detective was so near him that led to his final breaking down.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;">Those
who dealt with Johnny face to face in those critical days after the murder left
comments which help us to see Johnny’s<i> </i>persona. Fay indicated that Beall was “as bloodthirsty
a young desperado as the famous Jesse Pomeroy” (a 14-year-old serial killer
imprisoned in Massachusetts in 1874). In
the presence of the sheriff or another authority, said Fay, Beall “is a sniffling
little hypocrite, but when they leave him, he is seen in his true character.” Specifically, he “would swear like a trooper”
and say of his father, “The G-d d-d old s-n of a b-h, why don’t he get me out
of here?”<a href="file:///F:/Ancestry/Horror%20of%20Horrors.docx" name="_ednref12" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;">[xii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Why, indeed?<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-AS1_BImxX1E/UsUpCC9xZJI/AAAAAAAAAz4/3farFX5BZgo/s1600/RenoEveningGazette(RenoNevada).jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-AS1_BImxX1E/UsUpCC9xZJI/AAAAAAAAAz4/3farFX5BZgo/s320/RenoEveningGazette(RenoNevada).jpg" width="213" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;"><em>Reno</em> <em>Evening Gazette</em> Story</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium; line-height: 115%;">On
August 2, the <i>Reno Evening Gazette</i>
carried the following story:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;">“John Beall, 13 years old,
who has been in jail for six weeks on the charge of killing his mother, has
made the following confession: ‘On June 13<sup>th</sup> the boy was at
home alone with his mother at the farm house and about 4 o’clock, he alarmed
the neighbors by saying that 3 tramps had killed his mother, and that he was
asleep but awakened in time to see them leaving with a watch and some
money. The watch has since been found where he admits he hid
it. He had shot his mother twice and then nearly beheaded her with an
axe. It is supposed he was with the dead body three hours before
giving the alarm. No motive for the crime is assigned, except that
he was angry at what seemed to be favoritism shown to his sister by his
mother.’”<a href="file:///F:/Ancestry/Horror%20of%20Horrors.docx" name="_ednref13" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;">[xiii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Putting together the
statements of the witnesses, the coroner, and the boy himself, as they are
recorded in various news accounts of the day, we can begin to see what happened
in the Beall home on the day of the murder.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">According to persons who
knew the family, the boy was “refractory” and had been causing his mother a lot
of trouble. The week of the murder he
had argued with her at the breakfast table and had “made her take back all she
said,” which shows the disrespect with which he treated his mother and the
dominance he may have held over her. On
the day of the murder, Johnny had planned to go to town with his mother to buy a new set of clothes, a telling piece of information recorded only by the Mitchell, South Dakota, <em>Republican.</em> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">However, for some reason, that did not happen. Perhaps Johnny had been acting up and his mother decided the trip could wait until Johnny was more amenable. So, the father and sister left for town at 1:00, leaving an upset, perhaps seething Johnny at home with his mother. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">What started the downward spiral that resulted in the violence that led to Nancy's death? In his statement to the authorities, Johnny said something in passing that may offer a clue. To be specific, he stated that his mother had accused him of not hitching the horses for his father. Johnny seemed curious to know if Nancy had told his father about this. Perhaps he viewed it as another example of his mom's supposed opposition to him. She replied that she had indeed told the father that (from her viewpoint perhaps) Johnny had been negligent in his duties. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">From this distance, we can never learn the truth of exactly what happened, but Johnny explained it (or explained it away) by saying that he had hitched up the horses, but not in the usual spot. He told the officers that his mother “had not thought of that.”<a href="file:///F:/Ancestry/Horror%20of%20Horrors.docx" name="_ednref14" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;"></span></span></span></a> This exchange, which followed fast on the heels of Nancy's refusal to take Johnny shopping, may have been the trigger that set Johnny off. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">From Johnny's point of view, he was tired of his mother favoring his sister, refusing him some R&R, and telling his father about his real or imagined shortcomings. From Nancy's point of view, Johnny's sulking, lipping off, disrespect, and malingering were just getting too much to handle. No doubt, they argued. Later, in his confession, he would say that his mother “whipped him,”<a href="file:///F:/Ancestry/Horror%20of%20Horrors.docx" name="_ednref14" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;"></span></span></span></a> which sent him into a fury.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">The fuse was lit, and Johnny lost control. At this point, the physical evidence can help us understand what took place. The
coroner noted in his report, for example, that two revolvers and an axe were found next to the
body. About one gun, the coroner said that four chambers were empty. He also noted that there were two bullet wounds and two holes in the ceiling, where, supposedly, the bullets became embedded. But with four chambers empty, how do we account for the other two? </span><br />
</span>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Of course, it's possible that when Johnny picked up the gun, two chambers were already empty. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 17.65pt;">Most revolvers in the late
nineteenth century did not have a hammer block, a safety that is nowadays built
into a revolver to prevent the gun from going off if accidentally dropped.<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-mzUPx9aQ9kQ/UtCd6I_yQ5I/AAAAAAAAA34/Pl2E7Qr1LVQ/s1600/Colt+1877.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-mzUPx9aQ9kQ/UtCd6I_yQ5I/AAAAAAAAA34/Pl2E7Qr1LVQ/s1600/Colt+1877.jpg" width="200" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">1877 Colt with no safety</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 17.65pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 17.65pt;">As a result, in an effort to prevent mishap,
gun owners would typically leave the chamber immediately below the hammer
empty.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 17.65pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 17.65pt;">If that was indeed Mr. Beall’s
practice, that would account for another chamber, leaving only one to explain. Does the scenario provided by Johnny give any clues?</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 17.65pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"></span><br />
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 17.65pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">In his eventual confession, Johnny
finally admitted that he murdered his mother “in a fit of anger” following the whipping. He revealed that “he
deliberately set about to take her life in revenge for the chastisement.” One likely scenario for what happened next was that Johnny went outside for his father's ax, using it then to break the hinges on the locked trunk where perhaps Mr. Beall kept his guns. He then may have taken the gun in order to confront his mother, causing Nancy to flee in fear for her life. He ran after her, he stated, and, “as she
turned, shot her in the face.”<a href="file:///F:/Ancestry/Horror%20of%20Horrors.docx" name="_ednref14" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;">[xiv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">The coroner noted that one of the wounds indicated a bullet had entered the left side of Nancy's face at the temple and exited at the orbit of the right eye, which is a somewhat upwardly angled path. The upward angle combined with the fact that the bullet was found in the ceiling suggests
that Nancy had turned to look over her shoulder, which would have lowered her head somewhat. At that moment, Johnny fired into
the left side of her face at a somewhat upward angle.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Johnny then stated that as she fell, he “stood
over her and again shot.” The path of
the second wound supports this statement.
The second bullet entered the left temporal bone “just back of the eye” and
made its exit on the opposite side, passing directly through the brain. The bullet used to make that shot would
logically have penetrated the floor, not the ceiling. So, how do we account for the second bullet lodged in the ceiling? Was it from a third discharge? Certainly it is possible that one of Johnny's shots went astray—perhaps the first
shot and the reason why Nancy looked back over her left shoulder as she tried
to escape. Another possibility is that only two shots were fired, the first one fragmenting and, thus, striking the ceiling in two places, while the second shot went into the floor. </span></span></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 17.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"></span><br />
</span><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Still, after two shots to the head, there was life in
Nancy. She raised her head from the floor—the image
that later haunted Johnny’s thoughts and kept him from sleeping at night, in
the same way that Shakespeare noted people do when burdened by the horror of
their actions. <br /></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;">It is unknown whether
there were any cartridges in the second revolver, but since Johnny now threw down
the guns and picked up the rusty ax, it is not unreasonable to conclude
that Johnny was out of ammunition. The
reporter stated, “As she raised, he got the ax and split open her head.” The coroner’s report stated there were “also
two ax wounds on the back of the neck, between the head and shoulders,
completely severing the spinal column, either of said wounds being sufficient
to cause death.”<a href="file:///F:/Ancestry/Horror%20of%20Horrors.docx" name="_ednref15" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;">[xv]</span></span></span></a></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">In
February, 1888, came the sentencing trial.</span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large; line-height: 115%;"> <i>The Evening Bulletin</i> of Maysville, Kentucky, published these
details on February 29:</span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">“ closing scene in
the horrible Beall murder, that occurred in the afternoon of June 13, took
place Monday morning in the criminal court, before Judge Fred Van Derveer, by
the appearance of John A. Beall, aged thirteen years, in court and asking to retract
his plea of not guilty to murder in the first degree, and entering his plea of
guilty to murder in the second in the killing of his mother, Mrs. Nancy Beall,
age fifty-one years, which was accepted.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-lvmG1m2PhgA/UsUc1hq0oVI/AAAAAAAAAyo/-eysiHAaG30/s1600/Ohio_Penitentiary_-_Cell_Block.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" height="142" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-lvmG1m2PhgA/UsUc1hq0oVI/AAAAAAAAAyo/-eysiHAaG30/s200/Ohio_Penitentiary_-_Cell_Block.jpg" width="200" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Cell block at Ohio State Penitentiary <br />
before Demolition</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>“The judge, after hearing the boy make his plea, asked
him if he had anything to say. He replied that he had not and was then
sentenced to imprisonment in the penitentiary during his natural life. He
received the sentence without the least change of countenance, and maintained
the same stoical indifference that has characterized his every movement since
the perpetration of the shocking murder.”<a href="file:///F:/Ancestry/Horror%20of%20Horrors.docx" name="_ednref16" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[xvi]</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></p><p></p></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman", "serif"; font-size: large;">John A. Beall, prisoner #19440, was admitted into
the Ohio Penitentiary in Columbus, Ohio, on February 29, 1888. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman", "serif"; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman", "serif"; font-size: large;">The records provide these details:</span><a href="file:///F:/Ancestry/Horror%20of%20Horrors.docx" name="_ednref17" style="font-family: "times new roman", "serif"; font-size: large;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[xvii]</span></span></span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: medium; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;">Term: Life</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: large; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: large; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Crime: Murder in the second degree</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: large; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: large; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Age: 13.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: large; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: large; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Nativity: Ohio.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: large; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: large; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Occupation: None. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: large; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: large; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Height: 4 feet, 11 ¼ inches.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: large; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: large; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Color of eyes: Light yellow pigment;
yellow blue</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: large; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: large; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Color of hair: Light brown</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: large; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: large; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Complexion: Light</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: large; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: large; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">General appearance, marks, scars,
etc.: Strong build. Teeth good.
2 out of upper and lower left jaw.
Boot – 6. Head – 6 </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: large; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">3/4</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: large; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">. Scar on upper edge left forehead.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: large; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: normal;"> Ha</span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: large; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">bits: Temperate (this in contrast to a
fellow inmate labeled “Intemperate”)</span></div></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: large; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: large; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Education: Common (this is in contrast to fellow inmates designated "Poor" in educaiton)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: large; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: large; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Statement of Property: None</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: large; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: large; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Residence of Relatives: Father Wm,
Sister Edith, Eaton, Ohio.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: large; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: large; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Full-Time: Life.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: large; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: large; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Short-Time: Death or Pardon.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: large; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: large; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">When and How Discharged: Pardoned by
Governor [Asa S.] Bushnell, Dec.7, 1898.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;"></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;">During Johnny's time in prison, Court Corwin, the Preble County marshal who had arrested Johnny, started working as a guard at the prison. One wonders if their paths crossed before Johnny's release.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ftsLpM2md4o/UsUdk2K-ogI/AAAAAAAAAyw/f7LAH9y3HuU/s1600/Ohio+Pen+1931.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ftsLpM2md4o/UsUdk2K-ogI/AAAAAAAAAyw/f7LAH9y3HuU/s1600/Ohio+Pen+1931.jpg" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Ohio State Penitentiary</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;">So, Johnny (or perhaps he now went by John) was
discharged at the age of 24 after nearly eleven years of incarceration. Apparently there was a note in the local newspaper at one point saying John was released on the promise that he not return to Preble County, though this remains unconfirmed. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;">What happened to Johnny
upon his release? Well, there is a John
A. Beall in the Columbus, Ohio, City Directory of 1899, residing at 482
Armstrong and working as a laborer.
Could this be Johnny one year after his release? The census records show more than one person
named John A. Beall in Ohio at the time, so it is hard to say whether the
resident of Columbus is the person who committed murder near Eaton twelve years earlier. A yellowing, type-written page from a Beall family history offers the assertion that at the time of his father’s death Johnny was residing in Richmond, Indiana, which is in Wayne County, Indiana, immediately adjacent to Preble County, Ohio, but, if he was there in 1908, he was gone by the time
the census was taken in 1910.<a href="file:///F:/Ancestry/Horror%20of%20Horrors.docx" name="_ednref18" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[xviii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: medium; line-height: 115%;">It is possible that Johnny changed his
name and headed west, where it was still possible to begin fresh in an era
before paper identity made it much harder to do so. The name <i>Beall</i>
is often found as <i>Bell</i> in the
records, even inside the same newspaper article about the murder. Did Johnny switch to that variant of his
surname and start over?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: medium; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: medium; line-height: 115%;">Perhaps so, but sadly this is not the end of the
Beall tragedy. On the evening of
September 20, 1908, William T. Beall, Johnny’s father, now 72 years old, strode outside and set
fire to his barn and outbuildings. He
then went back inside the old family home, pulled a rocking
chair over to the exact spot where Nancy’s body had been found twenty-one years before, sat down, lifted his revolver, and,
as one obituary had it, “blew out his brains.”<a href="file:///F:/Ancestry/Horror%20of%20Horrors.docx" name="_ednref19" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[xix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-RNdeiVuQxTo/UsUeLt-upVI/AAAAAAAAAzA/lPTe2DAIgr4/s1600/silverene+watch.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-RNdeiVuQxTo/UsUeLt-upVI/AAAAAAAAAzA/lPTe2DAIgr4/s200/silverene+watch.jpg" width="87" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Silverene Watch, 1901</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;">The coroner’s inquest the next day produced these sparse details: “Blue eyes, black and gray hair; carried 3
bank books, revolver, pocket knife, silverene watch, [bank] note, [and] some money.”<a href="file:///F:/Ancestry/Horror%20of%20Horrors.docx" name="_ednref20" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[xx]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> So the man’s life comes down to the grief inside his heart and the trifles in his pocket.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;">If one googles “arson suicide,” a
number of stories of recent date will emerge.
In some cases, immolation is the cause of death; in others, as with
William Beall, a fire is set first and the death comes later by gunshot. It’s perhaps understandable that a man would
become despondent in the circumstances in which Nancy’s husband found himself,
but there is more to William’s sad story than appears just in Johnny</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 21.81px;">’</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;">s tale, awful as that is.</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Sj2_bjYRd1g/UsWn3fv1CSI/AAAAAAAAA00/QwDgcnmdKWo/s1600/0251f263-0986-4c4d-9d85-d575aa2024fa.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" height="134" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Sj2_bjYRd1g/UsWn3fv1CSI/AAAAAAAAA00/QwDgcnmdKWo/w316-h134/0251f263-0986-4c4d-9d85-d575aa2024fa.jpg" width="316" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Certificate of Marriage for William T. Beall <br />and Rebecca Hart<br /><br /></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><span style="font-size: medium;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;">Following a year of service in the Civil War (Co. G, 54th Ohio Infantry) and before his marriage to Nancy, William Beall
had married a woman named Rebecca Hart, with whom he had three children:
Charles, Mary, and Hannah. </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;">But these
children did not reside with their father and step-mother. In 1880, seven years before the murder of
Nancy Beall, these three children are found living with their uncle, Alexander
Hart, who is identified as “father” on the census record. Rebecca Hart had died in 1870, and John Beall
had married Nancy the following year. Together, he and Nancy had a total of five children, only two of whom (Johnny
and Edith) survived infancy. The
first was a boy, Jacob, whose death is listed as 1872. Edith was second with a birth date of July 9,
1872. Johnny was third, being born
November 14, 1874, but interestingly he had a fraternal twin, a girl named Jandora. Among William Beall’s many losses was the
loss of this baby daughter to chicken pox on June 23, 1875, aged seven
months. But this was not all. Baby boy Harry Beall, born in April 1879,
died at the age of 3 months and 18 days the following July 13. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YET0R6577JQ/UsWoO8oCTyI/AAAAAAAAA08/zL7KXTjg6UI/s1600/Bealld0ffc03b-5218-4704-9212-fd19730a30e1.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" height="144" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YET0R6577JQ/UsWoO8oCTyI/AAAAAAAAA08/zL7KXTjg6UI/w301-h144/Bealld0ffc03b-5218-4704-9212-fd19730a30e1.jpg" width="301" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Certificate of Marriage for William T. Beall <br />and Nancy Gard</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: medium; line-height: 115%;">Daughter Edith had married in 1892
but at the time of her father’s suicide was still residing in Preble County,
Ohio, with her husband, Robert Omar Bonebrake.
The United States census of 1910 shows that they had continued in residence
there at least two years after Beall’s suicide.
However, by 1922 they had moved on.
The city directory for Whittier, California, shows Robert Bonebrake, carpenter,
residing with his wife Edith in 1922, and the United States census for 1930 shows the two in Azusa township of Los Angeles County, where Robert had become a rancher. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;">Rebecca Hart’s children had also
gone their own ways. Charles married and
by 1910 had moved to Washington state; it is unknown if he and his wife Ellen
were still in Preble County in 1908, when William committed suicide. Hannah had married a piano tuner named James
Stallard and was living in Indianapolis. Mary seems not to have married and disappears
from the record. None of William’s
children—neither those of Rebecca Hart nor those of Nancy Gard—seem to have
borne children of their own. So, in
addition to losing two wives and three children to untimely deaths, William
Beall seems to have had no grandchildren to comfort him as he grew old, feeble,
and alone.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;">Does the elder Beall’s act of burning
down his barn and other outbuildings suggest a desire to prevent anyone else (say, Johnny, nearly 34 now, for example) from having the use of the property?
Had
son Johnny made an appearance in the county, raising the ire suppressed in his
father’s heart for years? Had bad
relations between his son-in-law, his Hart relatives, or the Gards driven him
to despondency? </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;">Would it be proper even
to speculate that the instability seen in Johnny Beall was perhaps shared, to
some degree, by his father? Is it beyond the boundaries of reason to wonder whether Johnny (if he did indeed live just across the state border in Ohio) showed up at his father's farm and committed a second murder? That, of course, is pure speculation, perhaps fueled by twenty-first century crime drama, but deserves voicing nonetheless.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;">The world wags on. Youthful psychopathic murderers continue to make
headlines. Psychologists study and study
and study, trying to account for such behavior with every possible explanation and
a list of disorders and symptoms as long as your arm. Yet no one can say with any certitude what
causes the behavior of a psychopath.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;">Johnny Beall entered prison in
1888. He was released back into society
in 1898. His father killed himself ten
years later in 1908. Twenty years of
misery for the father, and who knows what for Johnny.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-JUjaICr6Z1c/UsUf6az_O7I/AAAAAAAAAzQ/c_ug7wukvHw/s1600/William+Beall.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" height="151" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-JUjaICr6Z1c/UsUf6az_O7I/AAAAAAAAAzQ/c_ug7wukvHw/s200/William+Beall.jpg" width="200" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">William T. Beall's Headstone</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-XufVfdpO8J8/UsUezhD1udI/AAAAAAAAAzI/tPzfy0_fu9k/s1600/Gard+Cemetery.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" height="151" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-XufVfdpO8J8/UsUezhD1udI/AAAAAAAAAzI/tPzfy0_fu9k/s200/Gard+Cemetery.jpg" width="200" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Gard Cemetery, Preble County, Ohio</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: medium; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: medium; line-height: 115%;">All that remains now are the graves
in the Gard Cemetery in Preble County, Ohio: Rebecca Hart Beall, Nancy Gard
Beall, Jandora Beall, Harry Beall, Jacob Beall, and William T. Beall alongside
Nancy’s parents, Little John Gard and Nancy Wright Gard, as well as Nancy’s
sister, "Aunt Hannah." </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times new roman, serif; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><span style="background: white; font-size: medium; line-height: 115%;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="font-family: "times new roman", "serif"; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-YcPjI_H7PXc/XIwJkXCdLbI/AAAAAAAAClo/rccPL-OFycwU7IQZARGUKJ4OlVzWtCYkgCLcBGAs/s1600/Nancy%2BGard%2BBeall%2Bhdstn.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="333" data-original-width="250" height="320" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-YcPjI_H7PXc/XIwJkXCdLbI/AAAAAAAAClo/rccPL-OFycwU7IQZARGUKJ4OlVzWtCYkgCLcBGAs/s320/Nancy%2BGard%2BBeall%2Bhdstn.jpg" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Nancy Gard Beall's Headstone</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportEndnotes]--><br /></span></div>
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[endif]-->
<br />
</span><div id="edn1">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><a href="file:///F:/Ancestry/Horror%20of%20Horrors.docx" name="_edn1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""calibri" , "sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%;">[i]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> “Horror
of Horrors.” <i>Eaton Register</i>. 16 June
1887.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn2">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><a href="file:///F:/Ancestry/Horror%20of%20Horrors.docx" name="_edn2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""calibri" , "sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%;">[ii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <i>Eaton Register</i>. 23 Jun 1887.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn3">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><a href="file:///F:/Ancestry/Horror%20of%20Horrors.docx" name="_edn3" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""calibri" , "sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%;">[iii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Dock is a broadleaf weed of the genus Rumex, related to buckwheat</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn4">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><a href="file:///F:/Ancestry/Horror%20of%20Horrors.docx" name="_edn4" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""calibri" , "sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%;">[iv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <em>Reno Evening Gazette.</em> Reno, Nevada. 2 Aug 1887. p. 2.; <i>Eaton Register</i>. 16 Jun 1887.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn5">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><a href="file:///F:/Ancestry/Horror%20of%20Horrors.docx" name="_edn5" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""calibri" , "sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%;">[v]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <span style="line-height: 115%;">“Eaton Etchings.” <i>New Paris Mirror</i>. 16 Jun 1887.<span><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn6">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><a href="file:///F:/Ancestry/Horror%20of%20Horrors.docx" name="_edn6" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""calibri" , "sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%;">[vi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <i>Eaton Register</i>. 16 Jun 1887.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn7">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><a href="file:///F:/Ancestry/Horror%20of%20Horrors.docx" name="_edn7" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""calibri" , "sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%;">[vii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Special Dispatch to the <i>Cincinnati
Enquirer.</i> 2 Aug 1887.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn8">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><a href="file:///F:/Ancestry/Horror%20of%20Horrors.docx" name="_edn8" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""calibri" , "sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%;">[viii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Special Dispatch to the <i>Cincinnati
Enquirer</i>. 2 Aug 1887</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn9">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><a href="file:///F:/Ancestry/Horror%20of%20Horrors.docx" name="_edn9" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""calibri" , "sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%;">[ix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Special
Dispatch to the <i>Cincinnati Enquirer</i>.
2 Aug 1887</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn10">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><a href="file:///F:/Ancestry/Horror%20of%20Horrors.docx" name="_edn10" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""calibri" , "sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%;">[x]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Special
Dispatch to the <i>Cincinnati Enquirer</i>.
2 Aug 1887</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn11">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><a href="file:///F:/Ancestry/Horror%20of%20Horrors.docx" name="_edn11" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""calibri" , "sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%;">[xi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
The information about the detective’s ruse is from “A Horrible Story,” <i>Cincinnati Enquirer.</i> 2 Aug 1887.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn12">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><a href="file:///F:/Ancestry/Horror%20of%20Horrors.docx" name="_edn12" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""calibri" , "sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%;">[xii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Special
Dispatch to the <i>Cincinnati Enquirer</i>.
2 Aug 1887.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn13">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><a href="file:///F:/Ancestry/Horror%20of%20Horrors.docx" name="_edn13" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""calibri" , "sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%;">[xiii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
<i>Reno Evening Gazette.</i> Reno, Nevada. 2
Aug 1887. p. 2.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn14">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><a href="file:///F:/Ancestry/Horror%20of%20Horrors.docx" name="_edn14" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""calibri" , "sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%;">[xiv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Special
Dispatch to the <i>Cincinnati Enquirer</i>.
2 Aug 1887.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn15">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><a href="file:///F:/Ancestry/Horror%20of%20Horrors.docx" name="_edn15" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""calibri" , "sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%;">[xv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Special Dispatch to the <i>Cincinnati
Enquirer</i>. 2 Aug 1887.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn16">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><a href="file:///F:/Ancestry/Horror%20of%20Horrors.docx" name="_edn16" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""calibri" , "sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%;">[xvi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <span>“<strong><span style="background: white; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Johnny Beall, of
Eaton, Sentenced to the Penitentiary for Life.” <i>The Evening Bulletin. </i>Maysville, Kentucky. 29 Feb 1888.</span></strong></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn17">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><a href="file:///F:/Ancestry/Horror%20of%20Horrors.docx" name="_edn17" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""calibri" , "sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%;">[xvii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
<i>Ohio Penitentiary Register of Prisoners
and Index.</i> Vol. 14. Dec. 1886 – Feb 1889.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn18">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><a href="file:///F:/Ancestry/Horror%20of%20Horrors.docx" name="_edn18" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""calibri" , "sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%;">[xviii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <span style="line-height: 18.18px;">“</span>Footpaths.<span style="line-height: 18.18px;">”</span><span style="line-height: 18.18px;"> </span> Beall Family File. Preble County Room. Preble County Library. Eaton, Ohio. n.d.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn19">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><a href="file:///F:/Ancestry/Horror%20of%20Horrors.docx" name="_edn19" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""calibri" , "sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%;">[xix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <i>Sentinel.
</i>Woodsfield,
Ohio. 22 Sept 1908.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn20">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><a href="file:///F:/Ancestry/Horror%20of%20Horrors.docx" name="_edn20" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""calibri" , "sans-serif"" style="line-height: 115%;">[xx]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Notes
of the Coroner’s Inquest: 21 Sept 1908. Preble County Courthouse. Filed 3 Oct
1908.</span></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
</div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">
A special thank you to astronomer, Ed Ting, who gave permission to use his photo of the moon in its last quarter phase. See Ed's web site at <a href="http://www.scopereviews.com/">www.scopereviews.com</a> .</span></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="http://geneabloggers.com/"><span style="font-size: medium;">http://geneabloggers.com</span></a></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
E. Cunninghamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10093850882638921077noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462537054197231022.post-85796441191852824302013-12-06T15:20:00.001-08:002017-05-04T10:21:30.059-07:00Uriah Cook and "Bleeding Kansas" - Part 1<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/--2rik_GQAIc/UqE_4J0XZrI/AAAAAAAAAtI/E1amcxk5jcI/s1600/John+Brown.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/--2rik_GQAIc/UqE_4J0XZrI/AAAAAAAAAtI/E1amcxk5jcI/s1600/John+Brown.jpg" /></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Why would a settled 54-year-old miller uproot his
family from their residence in eastern Missouri and move west to the most
violent spot in the nation in 1854—“Bleeding Kansas”? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Uriah Cook had already buried one wife and raised
four children to adulthood. With his
second wife, however, he still had five children under fifteen, and the
youngest was on the way!
They were living in St. Clair, Missouri, where Uriah was operating a
mill, so why uproot everyone, including a pregnant wife, and head for northeast
Kansas, where the pro- and anti-slavery forces were foreshadowing the violence
of the Civil War with their unbending positions and sloganeering sure to incite
hotheads to commit wrack and ruin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-1HYSf_kZIWM/UqJQLejIrnI/AAAAAAAAAvE/vds0UU3nxP0/s1600/Quaker+woman+preacher.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: #f9cb9c; clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="111" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-1HYSf_kZIWM/UqJQLejIrnI/AAAAAAAAAvE/vds0UU3nxP0/s200/Quaker+woman+preacher.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;">18th-century Quaker woman preacher</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="background-color: white;">To understand that, one has to know that Uriah Cook
was the grandson of Charity Wright Cook, the famous itinerant woman preacher of
the Quaker faith. Charity, who bore
eleven children between 1763 and 1786, traveled widely between pregnancies
throughout the eastern and southern part of the country as well as in England
and Napoleonic France in the grand tradition of Quaker women preachers. Her husband and other family members would
take care of the children while she and one or two others would strike out in
all kinds of weather and on all kinds of terrain on church business. Charity was virtually unstoppable, and I
think her grandson Uriah had a bit of her determination in him as well. When he was persuaded something was the right
thing to do, he would do it, trusting in God’s providence for his family’s
needs. Thus, as soon as the
Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed by Congress in1854, Uriah moved west.</span><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="background-color: white;">The Kansas-Nebraska Act was an effort by pro-slavery
forces to abrogate the Missouri Compromise, which had prohibited slavery north
of the parallel 36º 30' north (Missouri excepted). By allowing settlers of the Kansas and
Nebraska Territories to decide whether to allow slavery or not, Congress was
exporting its own “fighting mad” attitude to the Missouri-Kansas border. Things had been so hot on the floor of the
House in Washington, D. C., that Americans must surely have gotten a glimpse of
what was to come. </span><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-DyYOfSAKopw/UqJQ8D5JBQI/AAAAAAAAAvM/BG3ZaZ85GZI/s1600/Kansas+Neb+Act+fight+Congress.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: #f9cb9c; clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-DyYOfSAKopw/UqJQ8D5JBQI/AAAAAAAAAvM/BG3ZaZ85GZI/s1600/Kansas+Neb+Act+fight+Congress.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;">Pro-slavery Democrat Henry A. Edmundson attacks free-</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">soiler Lewis D. Campbell on the floor of the House</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Historian Michael Morrison of Purdue University
describes it this way: “</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">A filibuster led by Lewis D. Campbell</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">, an Ohio free-soiler</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">, nearly provoked the House into a war of more than words.
Campbell, joined by other antislavery northerners, exchanged insults and
invectives with southerners, neither side giving quarter. Weapons were
brandished on the floor of the House. Finally, bumptiousness gave way to
violence. Henry A. Edmundson</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">, a Virginia Democrat, well oiled</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> and
well armed, had to be restrained from making a violent attack on Campbell. Only
after the sergeant at arms arrested him, debate was cut off, and the House
adjourned did the melee subside.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Uriah%20Cook%20Part%201.docx#_edn1" name="_ednref1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">[i]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="background-color: white;">As soon as the act was passed, both pro- and
anti-slavery forces began pouring into the Kansas Territory in order to take
advantage of what came to be called “squatter sovereignty”—the principle
established in the Kansas-Nebraska Act that the people of the area could decide
the issue for themselves. At a
pro-slavery meeting in Lecompton (the capital of the Kansas Territory), Col.
Ely Moore, an emigrant from New York, explained “in a few happy and pertinent
remarks, the objects of the meeting, being to take proper steps in regard to
the emigration of permanent law and order settlers in the Territory. . .
.” Moore reported on a letter from his
brother, still residing in New York, who was “inquiring into the expediency and
policy of bringing out four or five hundred men, who would become <i>bona fide</i> settlers, with pro-slavery
tendencies, and as to the probable chance of obtaining claims for these
men.” The result of the meeting was that
the citizens of Lecompton resolved, “[W]e will extend to any such [pro-slavery
settler] a most cordial and heartfelt welcome, and will do all that lays in our
power to assist them in selecting desirable locations, and will render them such
other service as may be conducive to their welfare and comfort.”</span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Uriah%20Cook%20Part%201.docx#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="background-color: white;" title="">[ii]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Uriah%20Cook%20Part%201.docx#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="background-color: #f9cb9c;" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="background-color: #f9cb9c;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5HLYjb_zplM/UqJRx-Pt_bI/AAAAAAAAAvY/p3PWN6J1mRU/s1600/Pro-slavery+Cooper+MO.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: #f9cb9c; clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5HLYjb_zplM/UqJRx-Pt_bI/AAAAAAAAAvY/p3PWN6J1mRU/s200/Pro-slavery+Cooper+MO.jpg" width="146" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;">Pro-slavery broadside</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">seeking Missourians to</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">head to the border area</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="background-color: white;">But pro-slavery forces came from places much closer
to Kansas as well. Missouri, which was a
slave state, was right next door, and Missourians began to flood into Kansas. In the 1850 census, Uriah Cook and his family
were in St. Clair, Missouri, which is on the eastern side of the state. This is significant since it is known that at
the time Quakers in eastern Missouri were smuggling escaped slaves into Iowa
via the Underground Railroad.<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Uriah%20Cook%20Part%201.docx#_edn3" name="_ednref3" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">[iii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> The family of Uriah’s second wife, Mary
Haworth (sometimes spelled Hayworth), were quite active in the Underground
Railroad. Her first cousin (once
removed) was James Dillon Haworth (1785-1866).
In the 1920s, from his home in West Newton, Indiana, James was
instrumental in helping runaway slaves escape.
An article entitled “Underground Railroad” published by the Indiana
Historical Society tells this story of James’s involvement with Levi Coffin,
the oft-dubbed “President of the Underground Railroad”: “There was a party of 4 fugitives at James
Hayworth’s house nearby, and it was arranged that the next morning Levi Coffin
would take one of them into his carriage and Hayworth would take three in his
and they would all proceed north together.</span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Uriah%20Cook%20Part%201.docx#_edn4" name="_ednref4" style="background-color: white;" title="">[iv]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Uriah%20Cook%20Part%201.docx#_edn4" name="_ednref4" style="background-color: #f9cb9c;" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="background-color: #f9cb9c;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-srb105om2R4/UqJSJJe0ZtI/AAAAAAAAAvg/KYkaC0W42uQ/s1600/Joel+Haworth+safe+house.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: #f9cb9c; clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-srb105om2R4/UqJSJJe0ZtI/AAAAAAAAAvg/KYkaC0W42uQ/s200/Joel+Haworth+safe+house.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;">Joel Haworth's safe house</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">in Lyon County, Kansas</span></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Like his kinsmen, the Cooks, James Haworth’s son
Joel also moved to Kansas in 1854 as part of the free-state movement sparked by
the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act that year. He arrived “in a prairie schooner drawn by
oxen,” built a home, started a school, and established a gristmill in Lyon
County, Kansas, near Emporia, a town which had been founded by abolitionist
Preston Bierce Plumb. Joel Haworth’s
substantial house often served as a safe house where persons of African descent
were always welcome. Joel’s biographers
recount an incident that happened in 1857:
“An attempt was made about the last of
December to<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong>kidnap a
Negro named Charley, who lived with Joel Haworth</strong><b>,</b> about seven miles west of Emporia, on the Cottonwood.
He was surprised by a loud mouthed fellow named Freeman, who lived near the
junction, and a man who pretended to be his owner, but whose name is not
given. Soon the parties with whom Charley was hunting gave the alarm, and
some neighbors came to the rescue. After considerable parlaying the Negro
hunters agreed to go to Mr. Haworth's house to allow Charley to exhibit his
freedom papers. While crossing the river in a canoe, Charley became invisible.
After storming around awhile in regular slave-hunting style, Freeman and his
friends left, threatening all kinds of vengeance on Mr. Haworth, including the
burning of his mill.”<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Uriah%20Cook%20Part%201.docx#_edn5" name="_ednref5" title="">[v]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Uriah%20Cook%20Part%201.docx#_edn5" name="_ednref5" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-veaD47AcLC0/UqJSWP_MzQI/AAAAAAAAAvo/jPA1BQ5_Fsk/s1600/Platte+County+MO.png" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: white; clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="175" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-veaD47AcLC0/UqJSWP_MzQI/AAAAAAAAAvo/jPA1BQ5_Fsk/s200/Platte+County+MO.png" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;">Platte County, Missouri</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Much of the Missouri-Kansas
conflict that began in 1854 was centered around an area on the east side of the
Platte River, which separates the two states—Platte County, Missouri. From there, pro-slavery forces moved across
the river into Kansas, hoping to bolster the numbers of the pro-slavery party
as both sides began to duke it out over whether Kansas would become “slave or
free.” The Kansas towns of Leavenworth, Lecompton, and Atchison all
sprang up in this time period as a result of these efforts. In Atchison, </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">a newspaper
called <i>The Squatter Sovereign</i> was
quickly set up to promote the pro-slavery cause. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Though Platte County is remembered
as a hotbed of pro-slavery activism, it must also be noted that abolitionists
were also moving into Platte County. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The town of Weston in Platte
County, writes Kathy Weiser, “had sympathizers on both sides of the conflict,
but given their dependency upon slave labor, most of the population was
pro-slavery along with the rest of Missouri.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The ‘genteel’ community formed a secret society and drew up a resolution,
which provided for the ‘scrutinizing and reporting’ of any ‘suspicious looking
persons’ who might be taking arms to Kansas or inciting abolition.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">There were about 500 members of the secret
society who publicly announced their opposition to any pro-abolition members of
the community, any businesses who profited from trading with those
‘Bleeding-Kansans,’ and any who objected to the ‘regrettable excesses’ of the
vigilantes.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6p223qlqA9E/UqJSq2u58UI/AAAAAAAAAvw/R57LimEI0Sg/s1600/Liberty+Fair+Maid+Kansas.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: white; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6p223qlqA9E/UqJSq2u58UI/AAAAAAAAAvw/R57LimEI0Sg/s320/Liberty+Fair+Maid+Kansas.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;">"Liberty the Fair Maid of Kansas in the Hands of the Border Ruffians"</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">“Backing this secret society,”
Weiser continues, “were the so-called Border Ruffians who were notorious
pro-slavery thugs. In 1857, the Chicago
Tribune reported these ruffians as ‘a queer-looking set, slightly resembling
human beings, but more closely allowed . . . to wild beasts. . . . They never
shave or comb their hair, and their chief occupation is loafing around whiskey
shops, squirting tobacco juice, and whittling with a dull jack-knife.’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">“Fervent abolitionists lived side
by side with those whose way of life was built upon the institution of
slavery,” and street fighting broke out between them long before the war began.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Uriah%20Cook%20Part%201.docx#_edn6" name="_ednref6" title="">[vi]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Uriah%20Cook%20Part%201.docx#_edn6" name="_ednref6" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Into this political climate strode
the Quaker-bred Uriah Cook and his family.
Daughter Frances Cook was born in Platte County on 14 December 1854,
just seven months after the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which indicates
just how quickly Cook had pulled up stakes on the eastern side of the state.
The Cooks were not the only abolitionists of Quaker background in the
area. Fred G. Gaylord, president of
Daughters College, in Platte County, also had Quaker heritage.<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Uriah%20Cook%20Part%201.docx#_edn7" name="_ednref7" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">[vii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Still, there must have been some
trepidation on the part of Uriah Cook
and his pregnant wife, Mary, as they headed toward the hottest spot in the
country in the fall of ’54.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">End of Part 1<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">©Eileen Cunningham, 2013</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://geneabloggers.com/" style="background-color: white;">geneabloggers.com</a></span><br />
<div>
<!--[if !supportEndnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<br />
<div id="edn1">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Uriah%20Cook%20Part%201.docx#_ednref1" name="_edn1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[i]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Morrison,
Michael.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Slavery and the
American West: The Eclipse of Manifest Destiny and the Coming of the Civil War.
</i>1997, p. 154.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn2">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Uriah%20Cook%20Part%201.docx#_ednref2" name="_edn2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[ii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">“Pro-Slavery Kansas Emigrants from New York: Public Meeting in
Lecompton.” <i><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">New York Herald,</span></i><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> 23 </span></span><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">July 1856</span>. </span><a href="http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/kansas/New-York-Herald-7-23-1856-8.pdf"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/kansas/New-York-Herald-7-23-1856-8.pdf</span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn3">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Uriah%20Cook%20Part%201.docx#_ednref3" name="_edn3" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[iii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Gilmore, Donald L. <i>Civil War on the Missouri-Kansas Border.</i> Pelican. 2005.</div>
</div>
<div id="edn4">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Uriah%20Cook%20Part%201.docx#_ednref4" name="_edn4" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[iv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <i>Haworth Associatio</i>. Web. <a href="http://www.haworthassociation.org/Reunions/2009Reunion/Agenda/Pres%20entations/U-Railroad/Undergroung-RR.html"><span style="background: white;">http://www.haworthassociation.org/Reunions/2009Reunion/Agenda/Pres
entations/U-Railroad/Undergroung-RR.html</span></a><span style="background: white; color: #333333;">.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn5">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Uriah%20Cook%20Part%201.docx#_ednref5" name="_edn5" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[v]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>Baker,
Louise Rhodes, Virginia Baker Schneider, and Aletha Pearl Thomas. <em><span style="background: white; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif";">Joel
Haworth: Lyon County, Kansas Pioneer, Ancestors and Descendants 1699 to 1978. </span></em><em><span style="background: white; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-style: normal;">Web. n.d. </span></em><em><span style="background: white; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif";"> May 1 1978. </span></em><a href="http://www.haworthassociation.org/Reunions/2009Reunion/Agenda/Presentations%20/U-Railroad/Undergroung-RR.html"><span style="background: white;">http://www.haworthassociation.org/Reunions/2009Reunion/Agenda/Presentations
/U-Railroad/Undergroung-RR.html</span></a><span style="background: white;"> </span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn6">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Uriah%20Cook%20Part%201.docx#_ednref6" name="_edn6" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[vi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
“Weston: The Town that Refused to Die.” Missouri Legends. <i>Legends
of America. </i>Web. March 2010. 1 December 2013.<i> </i><a href="http://www.legendsofamerica.com/mo-weston.html">http://www.legendsofamerica.com/mo-weston.html</a>
</div>
</div>
<div id="edn7">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Uriah%20Cook%20Part%201.docx#_ednref7" name="_edn7" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[vii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>Paxton,
William McClung. <em><span style="background: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Annals of Platte County: From Its Exploration Down
to June 1, 1897.</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif";"> </span></em><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Available on Google Books.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
E. Cunninghamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10093850882638921077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462537054197231022.post-14283104297125800542013-12-06T15:18:00.000-08:002017-05-04T10:21:50.165-07:00Uriah Cook and Bleeding Kansas, Part 2 <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-PDUKV2cRBj8/Up5fU1JNFMI/AAAAAAAAAq8/NUVGtgnADIk/s1600/Pott+Co+Map.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-PDUKV2cRBj8/Up5fU1JNFMI/AAAAAAAAAq8/NUVGtgnADIk/s1600/Pott+Co+Map.png" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Pottawatomie County, Kansas</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">In Platte County, Missouri, no record of political
activity on Uriah Cook’s part has been uncovered, to date, but as a Quaker,
he would probably have been a peaceful man and would probably not have been the
type to be involved with street fights. His
obituary noted that he served as a sheriff in Missouri, but which county he
served remains unclear. Perhaps he found Platte County too rough a spot for his
family, for by late 1855 he had re-located to Pottawatomie County, Kansas.<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Uriah%20Cook%20Part%202.docx#_edn1" name="_ednref1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">[i]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> When the first school opened in Westmoreland,
Kansas, Uriah’s children were among the first to enroll.<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Uriah%20Cook%20Part%202.docx#_edn2" name="_ednref2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">[ii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f9cb9c; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-BTISkKuKNsQ/Up5-bj0w2oI/AAAAAAAAAsQ/EL-qcM7p8gk/s1600/Log+Cabin+Pott+Co.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: #f9cb9c; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-BTISkKuKNsQ/Up5-bj0w2oI/AAAAAAAAAsQ/EL-qcM7p8gk/s320/Log+Cabin+Pott+Co.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;">This log cabin from Pottawatomie County, Kansas,</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">occupied from 1840 to 1850, is now located in Wamego, Kansas.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-CZ9Ge0s5Tls/Up6DNOlA1jI/AAAAAAAAAs4/d1WOEfFYDwY/s1600/Uriah+Cook+homestead.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: white; clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-CZ9Ge0s5Tls/Up6DNOlA1jI/AAAAAAAAAs4/d1WOEfFYDwY/s200/Uriah+Cook+homestead.jpg" width="137" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;">Site of Uriah Cook's homestead</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">in Pottawatomie County,</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">Kansas</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Uriah’s log cabin became a hub of
the Pottawatomie County community. When
he served as justice of the peace, “Scores of cattle thieves and other outlaws
were tried in his home which also served as a trading post.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Uriah%20Cook%20Part%202.docx#_edn3" name="_ednref3" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">[iii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> In addition, the Reverend Abraham Millice, a
Methodist circuit-rider, conducted services there when he was in the area. William Darnell, son of another Pottawatomie
County settler, explains, “This cabin was a one-room log structure about 14 by
14 feet in size, and housed Mr. Cook s family of five, besides the necessary
furniture. Here the neighbors for several miles around met when there was
preaching, everybody bringing something to eat and joining together in a
regular old-fashioned picnic gathering. When preaching began, Rev. Millice took
his place in one corner of the little cabin and the congregation crowded in to
hear him. My father says the cabin was never full, as there was always room for
one more! However, he says on many occasions during mild weather some of the
men folks elected to remain outside near the door when they were able to get
the benefit of the sermon. There was always plenty of singing at these
gatherings, and father's strong tenor voice could always be heard as he did his
share of singing. Going out to these services was an all-day affair as the
journeys had to be made behind a yoke of oxen, and they always took their time.<span class="apple-converted-space">”</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Uriah%20Cook%20Part%202.docx#_edn4" name="_ednref4" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">[iv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Before going into Uriah Cook’s role in the early
politics of the state of Kansas, it might be helpful to lay out the political
landscape of the time period. Without
question, the anti-slavery movement was primarily a Republican movement. Democrat Senator Stephen A. Douglas was the
architect of the Kansas-Nebraska Act by which he hoped that slavery could be
expanded in new territories despite the Missouri Compromise. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">His future opponent for the office of
presidency of the United States was Republican Abraham Lincoln, who ran on the
party’s anti-slavery platform.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Telling
also are the voting records of the two parties after the Civil War when various
amendments were made to the Constitution:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">100% of the Republicans in Congress
voted for the 13<sup>th</sup> Amendment, which abolished slavery. Only 23% of the Democrats in Congress voted
for it.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Not a single Democrat in either the
House or the Senate voted for the 14<sup>th</sup> amendment, which gave former
slaves full citizenship—as well as the rights of citizenship—in the state where
they resided<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Of the 56 Democrats in Congress, not one
voted for the 15<sup>th</sup> Amendment, which granted explicit voting rights
to black Americans.<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Uriah%20Cook%20Part%202.docx#_edn5" name="_ednref5" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">[v]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">That said, I must hasten to add that not all
Democrats were pro-slavery. <span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Members of the anti-slavery wing of the party were
called Whigs, Independent Democrats, and/or Free Democrats. It was apparently with this wing of the party
that Uriah Cook identified, as his obituary does state that he was, in fact, a
Democrat. That he was staunchly
anti-slavery will be substantiated below, but there was an incident on the Cook
farm in 1862 that shows his affiliation with the Democrat party made him the
target of anti-slavery rabble rousers (yes, there were troublemakers on both
sides in Bleeding Kansas). William Darnell,
son of another of the early settlers of Westmoreland and a person who knew
Uriah Cook personally recorded the incident this way:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">“One day
in July or August, 1862, word was passed down the Rock creek [<i>sic</i>] valley that on a certain night a
vigilance committee was going to make a visit to the homes of all Democrats
with the object of hanging all whom they visited. This committee had
headquarters in the vicinity of Manhattan. About this time a band of horse
thieves was organized for the purpose of running horses out of the country, and
it was suspected that this vigilance committee was made up to a more or less
degree of members of this horse-thieving clique, who found the expedient of
intimidating settlers considerably of a help in procuring horses without the
formality of paying cash for them. In order to make their work easier they
carried an American flag with them, which they conspicuously displayed while
engaged in their underhanded work.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-qastO3lR0nM/Up5olSD8AnI/AAAAAAAAAr0/RTg4V-0N3yI/s1600/Border+Wars.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: white; clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-qastO3lR0nM/Up5olSD8AnI/AAAAAAAAAr0/RTg4V-0N3yI/s1600/Border+Wars.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;">The image depicts "Jayhawkers" and</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">"Bushwhackers" skirmishing in the</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">Missouri-Kansas Border area.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“One Rock
creek [<i>sic</i>] settler, Uriah Cook,
familiarly known as ‘Old Man Cook,’ was in due season visited by this gang. One
of the gang shook the flag at Mr. Cook while delivering a harangue. This
aroused the ire of the old gentleman. In a burst of indignation he grabbed the
flag and took it away from the individual who was shaking it, and roared at him:
‘Don't you shake that flag at me. I've lived under it a good many years longer
than you have.’ He kept the flag, too.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Uriah%20Cook%20Part%202.docx#_edn6" name="_ednref6" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">[vi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
By the way, Uriah was apparently up to
the task of holding off hotheads of <i>both</i> persuasions because, according to
his obituary, “</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">During the civil war,
when Missouri border ruffians [the “pro-slavery thugs” mentioned above] were
preying on Kansas settlers, Mr. Cook took a large part in law enforcement. His
section of the county was never raided.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Uriah%20Cook%20Part%202.docx#_edn7" name="_ednref7" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">[vii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">From
Darnell’s description, the hoodlums may have been horse thieves more than
political activists, but the threat would have been just as real. But, despite the fact that Uriah was a
Democrat in the 1850s when Kansas was seeking admission to the Union as a “free
state” (i.e., a state where slavery was prohibited by law), his actions show
that he was 100% opposed to slavery. In
addition to being devoted to the manumission of slaves, Uriah’s commitment to
his Quaker philosophy of brotherly love is attested in another way. To be
specific, those who knew him stated, “</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Because
of his religious faith, he became a friend to the Indians and although many
massacres took place in his neighborhood, his family was never molested.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Uriah%20Cook%20Part%202.docx#_edn8" name="_ednref8" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">[viii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-KT8kQRAdKks/Up6AHbj_jJI/AAAAAAAAAsc/oQLbkIgRUoM/s1600/Wm+Penn+w+Indians.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: white; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-KT8kQRAdKks/Up6AHbj_jJI/AAAAAAAAAsc/oQLbkIgRUoM/s1600/Wm+Penn+w+Indians.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;">Depiction of William Penn, founder of the Quakers, beginning </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">a peaceful tradition between the Quakers and the Native Americans.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Uriah was
almost immediately recognized in his community as a man who could be
trusted. In February, 1857, he was
elected justice of the peace (some refer to his position as “judge”) for
Pottawatomie County, as noted above. In
December of that year, he was appointed county election commissioner by acting
governor of the Kansas Territory, Frederick P. Stanton. He apparently performed his duties conscientiously
because when it came time to establish a convention for the writing of a
constitution for the Territory, Uriah Cook was elected as a delegate from
Pottawatomie County. There were actually
four Kansas Constitutions drawn up, but the one attended by Uriah Cook was held
at Leavenworth and is known in history as the Leavenworth Constitution. Holding an anti-slavery convention in
Leavenworth, Kansas, was a bold move in 1858 when Leavenworth was still a
pro-slavery town.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">According
to the KHS, “</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The Leavenworth Constitution was the most radical of
the four constitutions drafted for Kansas Territory. The Bill of Rights refers
to ‘all men’ and prohibited slavery from the state. The word ‘white’ did not
appear in the proposed document and therefore would not have excluded free
blacks from the state.” (The document
provided protection for the rights of women as well.)<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Uriah%20Cook%20Part%202.docx#_edn10" name="_ednref10" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">[x]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> The constitution was passed on April 3, 1858,
and bears Uriah Cook’s name as a signatory.<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Uriah%20Cook%20Part%202.docx#_edn11" name="_ednref11" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">[xi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">By way of contrast politically, the preceding
convention at Lecompton had been a pro-slavery convention, and the Lecompton
Constitution, therefore, supported the institution of slavery in the Kansas
Territory. In Pottawatomie County, it
received only two votes while 207 voted against it. That was in January. By April, J. D. Adams and Uriah Cook had been
voted in as delegates to the anti-slavery convention at Leavenworth.<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Uriah%20Cook%20Part%202.docx#_edn12" name="_ednref12" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">[xii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> This goes some way toward showing the
solidarity of the residents of Pottawatomie County behind the “free state”
philosophy.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ze8jSExG6xg/Up6AgZ2tiVI/AAAAAAAAAsk/jfwZhREbi5E/s1600/NY+Times+Leavenworth+Const.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: white; clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ze8jSExG6xg/Up6AgZ2tiVI/AAAAAAAAAsk/jfwZhREbi5E/s200/NY+Times+Leavenworth+Const.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;">New York Times' publication of the</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">the Leavenworth Constitution </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">and its signatories.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Kansas voters approved the
Leavenworth Constitution, so why did it fail to become the state's Constitution? The Kansas Historical Society (KHS) explains it this way: “Freestaters were in control of
the legislature and passed a radical antislavery constitution granting voting
rights to African Americans. . . . Proslavery leaders controlled the Congress,
where they ensured its failure at the national level.” To show the Constitution’s character, the
KHS describes one of the delegates to the convention, abolitionist John
Ritchie, a friend of John Brown’s, who had been active in helping fugitive
slaves make their escape to freedom. On
July 17, 1859, the <i>Leavenworth Times</i> went
so far as to say, “The Radical of Radicals is John Ritchey [who] is an ultra
Abolitionist, woman’s rights man, teetotaler, and general advocate for reform.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Uriah%20Cook%20Part%202.docx#_edn13" name="_ednref13" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">[xiii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> It’s likely the same could have been said of
Uriah Cook.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-vyZDPQRbT_U/Up6Cz4KoX6I/AAAAAAAAAsw/W90hH-PFpbw/s1600/Uriah+Cook+hdstn.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: white; clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-vyZDPQRbT_U/Up6Cz4KoX6I/AAAAAAAAAsw/W90hH-PFpbw/s200/Uriah+Cook+hdstn.jpg" width="150" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;">Uriah Cook's Headstone</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">Old Westmoreland Cemetery</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Uriah Cook still had one last public duty to
perform. On July 1, 1861, he was
appointed treasurer of Pottawatomie County.<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Uriah%20Cook%20Part%202.docx#_edn14" name="_ednref14" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">[xiv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> William Darnell pointed out, “[T]<span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">he office of county treasurer was in his cabin for the
first two years, and there the early settlers met to pay their taxes and
transact the other business with the treasurer”<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Uriah%20Cook%20Part%202.docx#_edn15" name="_ednref15" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">[xv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>—just
as legal matters and church services had been conducted there before.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="background-color: white;">Uriah Cook passed away in
Westmoreland, Kansas, on February 9, 1864, and was buried in what, at the time,
was called the Cook Cemetery (today it is known as Old Westmoreland
Cemetery). I am proud to know my
ancestor (third great-grandfather) was not just a man who could consistently
live what he professed, but also that <i>what</i>
he lived and professed served God, the brotherhood of man, and the cause of
freedom. May we all be inspired by his
life. </span><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">©Eileen Cunningham, 2013 <a href="http://geneabloggers.com/">geneabloggers.com</a></span><br />
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Hill, W. F. “Early History [of Westmoreland, Kansas].” <i>The Westmoreland Recorder. </i>Railroad
Edition. 2 Nov. 1899. Web. n.d. 2
December 2013. <a href="http://skyways.lib.ks.us/genweb/pottawat/rr_ed.html">http://skyways.lib.ks.us/genweb/pottawat/rr_ed.html</a>
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Darnell, William. “Reminiscences of
William Darnell.” Ed. George A.
Root. <i>The Kansas Collection.</i> Web. <a href="http://www.kancoll.org/articles/darnell3.htm">http://www.kancoll.org/articles/darnell3.htm</a></div>
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Uriah Cook Obituary. <i>Westmoreland Recorder</i>. 1864. Findagrave
Memorial #44029709. <i>Findagrave.com. </i>Web. 7 November 2009. 2 December 2013. <a href="http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=44029709">http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=44029709</a></div>
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“Reminiscences of William Darnell—Part Three.”
Ed. George A. Root. Kansas State
Historical Society. Kansas Collections. Web.
n.d. 2 December 2013. <a href="http://www.kancoll.org/articles/darnell3.htm"><span style="background: white;">http://www.kancoll.org/articles/darnell3.htm</span></a></div>
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“Did You Know?” <i>Frederick Douglas
Republicans. </i>Web. 2013.
2 December 2013. <a href="http://frederickdouglassrepublican.com/did-you-know/">http://frederickdouglassrepublican.com/did-you-know/</a></div>
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“Reminiscences of William Darnell—Part Three.” </div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Uriah%20Cook%20Part%202.docx#_ednref7" name="_edn7" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[vii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Uriah Cook Obituary. <i>Westmoreland Recorder</i>. 1864. Findagrave
Memorial #44029709. <i>Findagrave.com. </i>Web. 7 November 2009. 2 December 2013. <a href="http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=44029709">http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=44029709</a></div>
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<i>Findagrave.com.</i></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Uriah%20Cook%20Part%202.docx#_ednref10" name="_edn10" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[x]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
“Leavenworth Constitution.” Kansas
Historical Society. Web. 2007-2013. 2 December 2013. <a href="http://www.kansasmemory.org/item/207410">http://www.kansasmemory.org/item/207410</a></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Uriah%20Cook%20Part%202.docx#_ednref11" name="_edn11" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[xi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Kansas: A Cyclopedia of State History.</span></i><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"> Ed.
Frank Wilson Blackmar. Chicago: Standard. 1912.
Web. 29 July 2008. 2 December
201</span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">3.<span style="color: #333333;"> </span></span><a href="https://archive.org/details/kansascyclopedia02blac">https://archive.org/details/kansascyclopedia02blac</a>
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Cutler, William G. “Territorial History—Part 52” and “Pottawatomie County—Part
2 <i>History
of the State of Kansas. </i>Chicago: Andreas, 1833.<i> </i>Web. April 1999. 2 December 2012. <a href="http://www.kancoll.org/books/cutler/">http://www.kancoll.org/books/cutler/</a></div>
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“Four Different Constitutions.” Online Exhibit. Kansas Historical Society. Web.
2013. 3 December 2013. <a href="http://www.kshs.org/p/online-exhibits-willing-to-die-for-freedom-constitutions/15396">http://www.kshs.org/p/online-exhibits-willing-to-die-for-freedom-constitutions/15396</a></div>
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Cutler.</div>
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Darnell, William. “Reminiscences of
William Darnell.” Ed. George A.
Root. <i>The Kansas Collection.</i> Web. <a href="http://www.kancoll.org/articles/darnell3.htm">http://www.kancoll.org/articles/darnell3.htm</a><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Map
showing Pottawatomie County, Kansas. </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pottawatomie_County,_Kansas">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pottawatomie_County,_Kansas</a></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Pottawatomie
County log cabin. </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><a href="http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WMCNGQ_Historic_Log_Cabin_Wamego_KS">http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WMCNGQ_Historic_Log_Cabin_Wamego_KS</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Uriah
Cook’s homestead. Memorial
#44029709. Created by Judy. <i>Findagrave.com.</i>
Web. 7 Nov 2009. 5 Dec 2013. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Border
skirmish. <i>Legends of America.</i>
Web. </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><a href="http://www.legendsofamerica.com/ks-forts2.html">http://www.legendsofamerica.com/ks-forts2.html</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">William
Penn and Native Americans. “European Colonization
of the Americas.” <i>Wikipedia.</i> Web. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">New York Times</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> page. Historical Newspapers Collection. <i>Ancestry.com.</i>
</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><a href="http://search.ancestry.com/oldsearch/rectype/periodicals/news/">http://search.ancestry.com/oldsearch/rectype/periodicals/news/</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Uriah
Cook’s headstone.</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Memorial #44029709. Created by Judy. <i>Findagrave.com.</i>
Web. 7 Nov 2009. 5 Dec 2013. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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E. Cunninghamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10093850882638921077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462537054197231022.post-3462862271995825062013-10-05T22:51:00.000-07:002013-12-12T15:28:03.115-08:00Military Monday - The Battle of Drumnacoub and the Origins of Clan Bain<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">When it comes to giving your brain a work-out, there
is nothing like trying to follow the threads of a Scottish feud, and the
internal feud of Clan Mackay is a doozy.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-MVDR23X3DyY/UlDa_EFs1fI/AAAAAAAAApA/26kUaWxOFLE/s1600/Mackay.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-MVDR23X3DyY/UlDa_EFs1fI/AAAAAAAAApA/26kUaWxOFLE/s1600/Mackay.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mackay Clansman</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Let’s begin with Phase One of the feud.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The trouble began in 1426 when Angus Du
Mackay (1365-1433) was the seventh chief of the Clan Mackay of Strathnaver,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the valley (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">strath</i>) of the River<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Naver on
the northern coast of Scotland.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
Strathnaver area was home to the Mackays in that era.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[Note to members of Clan Bain: Not this
Mackay, but his cousin Neil was our ancestor. More to come below.]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Now, in 1426 Angus Du, with his son
Neil, decided to invade Caithness to avenge himself on his hated enemy, the
Sutherlands, who had killed his grandfather, the clan chief, at Dingwall Castle
in 1370.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Angus Du got as far as
Harpsdale, which is south and east of Halkirk, at which point the locals gave
battle.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 4.8pt 0in 6pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Sir Robert Gordon (1580 -1656), the author of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Genealogical History of the Earldom of
Sutherland,</i> later recorded <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>that “<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">there was great slaughter on either side.<span class="apple-converted-space">”</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/The%20Battle%20of%20Drumnacoub%20and%20the%20Birth%20of%20Clan%20Bain.docx" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="color: blue;">[i]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vBg1GwuA9Qo/UlDbP41SFdI/AAAAAAAAApI/In3Gu8Rg9u8/s1600/Bass+Rock.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" height="112" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vBg1GwuA9Qo/UlDbP41SFdI/AAAAAAAAApI/In3Gu8Rg9u8/s200/Bass+Rock.JPG" width="200" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Bass Rock, Firth of Forth</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 4.8pt 0in 6pt;">
<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Though
there was no clear victor, King James I got wind of the fight and rode north
from Edinburgh to Inverness, where Angus Du submitted himself, offering his son
Neil as a hostage.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Neil was promptly
imprisoned on Bass Island from which he got his nickname, Neil Vass (a phonetic
variation, sometimes spelled <i>Wesse</i>).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 4.8pt 0in 6pt;">
<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">At this
point, we reach Phase Two.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Angus Du Mackay
had three cousins—the brothers Thomas Mackay, Morgan Mackay, and Neil Neilson
Mackay II, the latter of whom is ancestor to Clan Bain.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1427, Thomas Mackay got himself into
serious trouble when he killed Mowat of Freswick in Tain, Ross-shire.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Pq3dN1e9B80/UlDc7lD14TI/AAAAAAAAApU/CiPHEsl60fc/s1600/St+Duthus+Chapel+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" height="130" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Pq3dN1e9B80/UlDc7lD14TI/AAAAAAAAApU/CiPHEsl60fc/s200/St+Duthus+Chapel+2.jpg" width="200" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Old St. Duthus Chapel, Tain</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 4.8pt 0in 6pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">A. J.
Lawrence, author of <i>The Clan Bain</i>, explains it well, saying that Thomas,
“</span></span><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">held
vast possessions, including the lands of Creich, etc., which he obtained from
his cousin, Angus Du—probably to get and ensure his support; about 1427, he
fell upon Mowat of Freswick for having betyrayed him, and pursued him into the
Chapel of St Duthus, to which he set fire, killing Mowat. Killing was one
thing, in those days, but burning a consecrated Chapel could not be
ignored. Thomas was outlawed and his lands promised to whomever [<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sic</i>] should capture him. It so
happened that his brothers, Morgan and Neil, had married daughters of Angus
Moray of Cubin, a retainer of the hated Suthlerlands; and Angus [Moray],
instigated by the Sutherlands, induced them to help him betray their brother, who
was captured and beheaded.” (p. 35).<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/The%20Battle%20of%20Drumnacoub%20and%20the%20Birth%20of%20Clan%20Bain.docx" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="color: blue;">[ii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 4.8pt 0in 6pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">See.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>I told you it was complicated.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 4.8pt 0in 6pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Okay, so Angus’s son, Neil Vass,
is locked up on Bass Rock, one nephew has been executed, and the other two have
taken up with his mortal enemy, the Sutherlands.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But the chief still had one more champion, his
illegitimate son, John Aberigh Mackay, who began to advise his aging father.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Morgan and Neil, along with Sutherland and
their father-in-law Moray (pronounced <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Murray</i>),
desired to wrest the remaining lands of Angus Du from his hands.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 4.8pt 0in 6pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Angus Du sent word that he would resign all
of his property to them except for Kintail, which was in Strathnaver, but this
was not good enough for Morgan and Neil.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>With the full support of the earl of Sutherland, the two brothers pressed
forward against John Aberigh, who promised his 68-year-old father that he would
retain the lands or die trying.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-zGnB9W-UjZw/UlDdROgRsZI/AAAAAAAAApc/PgMDXbLAAxg/s1600/Battle+of+Drumnacoub.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-zGnB9W-UjZw/UlDdROgRsZI/AAAAAAAAApc/PgMDXbLAAxg/s1600/Battle+of+Drumnacoub.jpg" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Site of the Battle of Drumnacoub</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 4.8pt 0in 6pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The two armies met at a place called
Drumnacoub, which was two miles from Tongue, a coastal village where Angus Du
resided.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One historian gives this
account of the battle and its aftermath:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 4.8pt 0in 6pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">“<span style="color: black;">There ensued a
cruel and sharp conflict, valiantly fought a long time, with great slaughter,
so that, in the end, there remained but few alive on either side. Neil Mackay,
Morgan Mackay, and their father-in-law (Angus Murray), were there slain. John
Aberigh, having lost all his men, was left for dead on the field, and was
afterwards recovered; yet he was mutilated all the rest of his days [apparently
having lost an arm]. Angus Dow Mackay, being brought thither to view the place
of the conflict, and searching for the dead corpses of his cousins, Morgan and
Neil, was there killed with the shot of an arrow, by a Sutherland man, that was
lurking in a bush hard by, after his fellows had been slain. This John Aberigh
was afterwards so hardly pursued by the Earl of Sutherland, that he was constrained,
for the safety of his life, to flee into the Isles.</span>”<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/The%20Battle%20of%20Drumnacoub%20and%20the%20Birth%20of%20Clan%20Bain.docx" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[iii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"></span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pwyJfd9KOKE/UlD5Y5nflaI/AAAAAAAAAqc/jLYYqq26RUI/s1600/Bass+Rock+castle_300.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" height="228" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pwyJfd9KOKE/UlD5Y5nflaI/AAAAAAAAAqc/jLYYqq26RUI/s320/Bass+Rock+castle_300.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Bass Rock with Castle </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">by Andrew Spratt</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Now we reach Phase Three of the feud. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1437, Neil Vass managed to escape from Bass
Rock with the assistance of a kinswoman who was married to the governor of
Bass, Sir Robert Lauder.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Because he had
been imprisoned for a decade, Neil Vass lacked the necessary
military savvy to carry on the feud with his cousins and the Sutherlands, so
a year later, he took up with his half-brother John, who obviously had plenty of
military experience, and they advanced with 500 men towards Thurso in
Caithness.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span>
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"></span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-890VtPc7dqI/UlDdj0W53CI/AAAAAAAAApk/LLL_xiMQe7g/s1600/Sandside+Chase+Site.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" height="150" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-890VtPc7dqI/UlDdj0W53CI/AAAAAAAAApk/LLL_xiMQe7g/s200/Sandside+Chase+Site.jpg" width="200" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Site of Sandside Chase</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 4.8pt 0in 6pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Soon they were joined in fight by the larger
army of Caithness men. At Sandside, a violent conflict got underway.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>John Aberigh’s men were able to corner
Sutherland’s troops below Sandside House near the bay, driving many of them
into the sea.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Around the ancient fort
of Cnoc Stangar between Sandside House and the sea, where the fight was
fiercest, the bones of the slain may yet be dug out of the sandy soil. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This conflict is known as Ruaig Handside, [or]
Sandside Chase.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/The%20Battle%20of%20Drumnacoub%20and%20the%20Birth%20of%20Clan%20Bain.docx" name="_ednref4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="color: blue;">[iv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 4.8pt 0in 6pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Afterwards, many of the clansmen sought to
have John Aberigh made chief, but John conceded the leadership of the Mackays
to Neil Vass, the legitimate heir.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Neil,
in turn, bestowed on John lands in Strathnaver, though apparently over time,
those lands eventually passed to the Sutherlands.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"></span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-e01MUStdKbA/UlD0y0aJmNI/AAAAAAAAAqQ/j7oYmT4dZKA/s1600/Loch+Gairloch.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" height="150" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-e01MUStdKbA/UlD0y0aJmNI/AAAAAAAAAqQ/j7oYmT4dZKA/s200/Loch+Gairloch.jpg" width="200" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Loch Gairloch</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 4.8pt 0in 6pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Meanwhile, what about the sons of Neil
Neilson Mackay II and Morgan Mackay, the brothers of the executed Thomas
Mackay?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1430, three years before his
death at Drumnacoub, Neil Neilson had received Thomas’s former lands in Gairloch
in Ross.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rNzWdACRhW8/UlDfMKMm49I/AAAAAAAAApw/sUIz940FRN0/s1600/Olrig.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rNzWdACRhW8/UlDfMKMm49I/AAAAAAAAApw/sUIz940FRN0/s200/Olrig.jpg" width="181" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Olrig (top center)</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 4.8pt 0in 6pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>However, after Drumnacoub, the
tension between Neil’s widow and son, on the one side, and the family of Angus
Du, on the other, was so severe that, in 1435, Neil Neilson’s widow could no
longer stand the strain and was removed to Olrig in Caithness by her son, John.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A. J. Lawrence, Bain genealogist, stated that
“they received a friendly welcome due to the knowledge that their troubles had
been inspired by the Sutherlands.” <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"></span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-zC42SioLWew/UlDtzJVRDLI/AAAAAAAAAqA/Yc4lZrX7w10/s1600/Bain.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-zC42SioLWew/UlDtzJVRDLI/AAAAAAAAAqA/Yc4lZrX7w10/s200/Bain.jpg" width="200" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">"Et Marte et Arte" means</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">"By Strength and Skill"</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(Tile available on CafePress.com)</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 4.8pt 0in 6pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">At this point, John took the name John Bane
(“the Fair”) Mackay to distinguish him from other John Mackays, perhaps
including John Aberigh Mackay, the illegitimate son and defender of Angus Du.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>John eventually dropped the name Mackay, and the
original spelling, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bane</i>, was
standardized to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bain</i> in 1616.<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/The%20Battle%20of%20Drumnacoub%20and%20the%20Birth%20of%20Clan%20Bain.docx" name="_ednref5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="color: blue;">[v]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Bains of Caithness and Ross are descended
from this individual.</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 4.8pt 0in 6pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The Bain motto, <em>Et Marte et Arte</em> <em>(By Strength and Skill)</em>, well expresses what it took for the descendants of John Bain Mackay to survive and thrive after their new beginning in 1435.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><br /></span>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 4.8pt 0in 6pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--></span></span><br /></div>
<span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 4.8pt 0in 6pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></div>
<span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 4.8pt 0in 6pt;">
<br />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]--><br />
<div style="mso-element: endnote-list;">
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/The%20Battle%20of%20Drumnacoub%20and%20the%20Birth%20of%20Clan%20Bain.docx" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[i]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Recorded in “Battle of Harpsdale.” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Wikipedia.</i>
</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Harpsdale"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Harpsdale</span></a></div>
</div>
<div id="edn2" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/The%20Battle%20of%20Drumnacoub%20and%20the%20Birth%20of%20Clan%20Bain.docx" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Clan Bain and Associated Families. </i>Inverness:
Highland Printers, 1966.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn3" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/The%20Battle%20of%20Drumnacoub%20and%20the%20Birth%20of%20Clan%20Bain.docx" name="_edn3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;"> “Conflict
of the Clans: The Conflict of Druimnacour.” </span><a href="http://www.electricscotland.com/webclans/conflict/Druimnacour.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">http://www.electricscotland.com/webclans/conflict/Druimnacour.html</span></a></div>
</div>
<div id="edn4" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/The%20Battle%20of%20Drumnacoub%20and%20the%20Birth%20of%20Clan%20Bain.docx" name="_edn4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Mackay, Angus.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Book of Mackay. </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Edinburgh, 1906.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Available on Google Books; Mackay, Gary. “The
Correct History of the Clan Mackay.” 9 May 1999. </span><a href="http://www.robertmackayclan.com/mclinks/gary1.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">http://www.robertmackayclan.com/mclinks/gary1.html</span></a></div>
</div>
<div id="edn5" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/The%20Battle%20of%20Drumnacoub%20and%20the%20Birth%20of%20Clan%20Bain.docx" name="_edn5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[v]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;"> “Bain,
Bayne.” </span><a href="http://www.clanmackay.ca/bain.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">http://www.clanmackay.ca/bain.html</span></a></div>
</div>
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E. Cunninghamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10093850882638921077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462537054197231022.post-56269601154428326462013-10-01T22:15:00.000-07:002013-12-06T14:47:46.627-08:00Military Monday - Daniel Applegate: The Fifer Boy at Valley Forge<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-m7szk8P9JQg/Ukt0JkEw8tI/AAAAAAAAAnM/Rctt5xiHdqA/s1600/Washington+at+Valley+Forge.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="233" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-m7szk8P9JQg/Ukt0JkEw8tI/AAAAAAAAAnM/Rctt5xiHdqA/s320/Washington+at+Valley+Forge.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em>Washington at Valley Forge </em>by F. Jiengling, 1876</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Daniel Applegate, born
about 1765, found himself motherless at the age of eleven, which was the
fateful year 1776.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> According to family tradition</span>,
he “was a stout boy” and was “put with a steady Dutch farmer” to be raised
while his older brother, Benjamin, and his father, Richard Applegate, were
serving in the Jersey Line in the Continental Army.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But wanting little of farm life when there
was action to be had, Daniel ran away, traveling eighty miles to join his
father and brother, but when he reached George Washington’s army, he discovered
that the Jersey Line was serving elsewhere.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>According to the story that was passed down in the family,<span style="color: red;"> </span>“The officers were at a loss to know what to do with
the boy, who like Jephet was in search of his father, and wanted to remain in
the army until he could find him.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A
kind-hearted colonel took him into his quarters, had him taught to play the
fife, and had him enrolled as a fifer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He also taught him to read, mostly from a newspaper, and he learned to
write by imitating the common Roman letters.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Other sources indicate that before the war was over, he served as a
fifer, a drummer, and a color bearer.<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Daniel%20Applegate%20Fifer.docx" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[i]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">As fate would have it,
little Daniel was with George Washington’s army at Valley Forge that terrible
winter of 1777-78.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>More than one drawing
of that time shows a lad with a drum or a fife amongst the soldiers in the
snow.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The engraving above, which
appeared in the American art journal <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Aldine</i>,
shows General Washington himself with a drummer boy, and knowing Daniel’s
story, one cannot help but wonder if it was originally intended to portray the
Applegate lad.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-tqiq2_yrHf4/UkuieOMAkRI/AAAAAAAAAog/reVk2pFmqfQ/s1600/Revolution.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="195" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-tqiq2_yrHf4/UkuieOMAkRI/AAAAAAAAAog/reVk2pFmqfQ/s200/Revolution.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Officially, Daniel is
listed as part of the 2<sup>nd</sup> New Jersey Regiment under Israel Shreve. That
outfit saw action in all of the following conflicts:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Battle of Brandywine, Delaware
County, Pennsylvania, September 11, 1777<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Battle of Germantown, Germantown,
Pennsylvania, October 4, 1777<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Battle of Crooked Billet, Crooked
Billet Tavern, Hatboro, Pennsylvania, May 1, 1778<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Battle of Monmouth, Monmouth
Courthouse, New Jersey, June 28, 1778<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Sullivan Expedition, Iroquois
Confederacy (current New York State), 1779-80<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Battle of Springfield, Springfield
Township, Union County, New Jersey, June 23, 1780<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Battle of Yorktown, Yorktown, Virginia, September 28 - October
19, 1781<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daniel
remained with the army until it disbanded in New York in 1783.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One source indicates that Daniel may have
gone to sea for a time after the war, possibly with a son of Colonel Shreve,
who was said to be a sea captain.<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Daniel%20Applegate%20Fifer.docx" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="color: blue;">[ii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, the Shreve who developed the
steamboat and for whom the city of Shrevesport was named was not born until
after the Revolution.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Shreve’s oldest
son, John, who was born to Israel Shreve’s first wife, had joined military
service with his father when he was only thirteen years of age, so it is highly
likely that he and young Daniel became close during the war.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>John Shreve was twenty-one at the time the
war ended.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His autobiographical sketch
has been published but, alas, includes no mention of seagoing, so it is hard to
say with whom eighteen-year-old Daniel Applegate would have gone to sea after
the war.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-lMbivmgsKck/UkuJ8W_DT0I/AAAAAAAAAnc/UmCn22qv5zA/s1600/Map_of_Kentucke_(1784)_color.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-lMbivmgsKck/UkuJ8W_DT0I/AAAAAAAAAnc/UmCn22qv5zA/s320/Map_of_Kentucke_(1784)_color.jpg" width="279" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">"Kentucke" 1784 (South and East of the Ohio River)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Daniel appears in the
records again in 1788 when he and his brother Benjamin turn up in northern
Kentucky in the Ohio Valley area where the white settlers were encountering
stiff opposition from the Iroquois Confederacy. It is important to note that
Kentucky did not actually become a state until 1792, so in Daniel Applegate’s
time, the term <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kentucky</i> (spelled variously as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kentucke,
Kaintuckee</i>, and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Cantucky</i>) was a
general Iroquois reference to the area south of the Ohio River. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span><br />
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LNJ7hkcujI8/UkuLC3hu37I/AAAAAAAAAnk/eiA4-WFlSjI/s1600/Lindsay's+Station.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LNJ7hkcujI8/UkuLC3hu37I/AAAAAAAAAnk/eiA4-WFlSjI/s200/Lindsay's+Station.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">In 1788, Daniel was
located at Lindsay's Station (or Fort) in what is now Scott County,
Kentucky.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lindsay's Station was a
settlement established by Anthony Lindsay, a veteran of the French and Indian
War and the American Revolution.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Descendant
Frank Lindsay Applegate described Anthony Lindsay as “one of the early pioneers
of the ‘Dark and Bloody Ground,’”<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Daniel%20Applegate%20Fifer.docx" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
a reference to the period in which northern and southern Indian tribes, notably
the Cherokee and the Shawnee, had gone to war for control of the area.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-aIzCV_vq7Ys/UkugI-LW17I/AAAAAAAAAoM/cPmL4guuS64/s1600/Boone's+Station.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-aIzCV_vq7Ys/UkugI-LW17I/AAAAAAAAAoM/cPmL4guuS64/s200/Boone's+Station.jpg" width="186" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Plan of Boone's Station in Kentucky. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Lindsay's Station may have been similar.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Ken Lindsay, writing in
2005, described the settlement as “<span style="color: black;">a typical
Two-Family Station of that day. Located high on a ridge overlooking a broad
Buffalo Trace, a twelve-foot high stockade completely enclosed the area between
two log block-houses. About two hundred feet apart, the houses stood at
opposite ends of the stockade. Their only doors and windows were in the side of
the wall which enclosed the two rows of logs that stood on end, making the
stockade.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Daniel%20Applegate%20Fifer.docx" name="_ednref4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[iv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There were other buildings as well, some of
which served as a safe harbor for neighbors during Indian raids.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div>
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<o:p></o:p><br /></div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-U_v5VfFwHnk/UkuP6vpNciI/AAAAAAAAAn8/hHcEwF3FRmM/s1600/Indian+Fighter.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-U_v5VfFwHnk/UkuP6vpNciI/AAAAAAAAAn8/hHcEwF3FRmM/s200/Indian+Fighter.jpg" width="169" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The Revolutionary War
had given way to the Northwest Indian War, which was a series of ongoing
conflicts between the new American government and the Iroquois Confederacy,
mainly over control of the Ohio Valley, including northern Kentucky.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Shawnee and other Kentucky area tribes
were none too happy that they had not been consulted by the Iroquois, who had
by and large ceded Kentucky to the whites, and attacks continued on white
settlers for a number of years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By 1790,
1,500 settlers had been killed in the area, and Daniel Applegate is known to
have been a part of efforts to protect settlers in the region.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">On June 10, 1790,
Daniel married Anthony Lindsay’s daughter, Rachel, and until 1797 farmed about
fifty acres of land which adjoined his father-in-law’s land in Franklin County,
Kentucky.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On March 13, 1799, Daniel
received 100 acres of bounty land for his service in the Revolutionary War
(Warrant 8084).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1802, he moved his
family to Henry County, Kentucky, where he and Rachel raised their nine
children.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Something must have riled him
up in 1801 because there is a record that, on February 4, 1808, he was fined fifteen
shillings and spent three hours in jail “for cursing” in the Henry County,
Kentucky, Court!<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Daniel%20Applegate%20Fifer.docx" name="_ednref5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[v]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Despite that incident,
Daniel Applegate had a remarkable reputation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Writing about Lisbon Applegate, a Missouri historian once wrote, “His father
[Daniel] being a man of comfortable circumstances and of ideas with regard to
education gave his sons good schooling which they did not fail to improve. . .
.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Daniel%20Applegate%20Fifer.docx" name="_ednref6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">When the War of 1812 broke out, both Daniel and his oldest son, Elisha, volunteered, serving with the 13th Regiment, Kentucky Militia, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Presley Gray. It later became Lieutenant-Colonel John Davis's Regiment<span style="color: black;">.</span><span style="color: blue;">[vii] </span><span style="color: black;">Elisha did not survive the war, but Daniel returned to Henry County after the Battle of New Orleans.</span></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-YgwkgdgTNrI/UkuqtDieIlI/AAAAAAAAAow/sQCXwc_t_Oc/s1600/Log+House+MO+River.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="198" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-YgwkgdgTNrI/UkuqtDieIlI/AAAAAAAAAow/sQCXwc_t_Oc/s200/Log+House+MO+River.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Currently the home of the Overland<br />
Historical Society in Missouri, this <br />
log house was originally on <br />
the Missouri River just west of<br />
Wild Horse Creek Road.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">In 1821, he was issued
a one-year permit by the authorities of Henry County to operate a tavern in his
home, but in 1822, instead of renewing the permit, he and Rachel left Kentucky
for St. Louis, the capital of the Louisiana Territory.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Daniel Applegate died in Missouri on February
11, 1826.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>According to the records of
the Missouri chapter of the Sons of the American Revolution, Daniel died in St.
Clair County, Missouri, which is on the western side of the state south of
Kansas City.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This may be true since
three of his sons were living there at the time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, his remains were returned to St.
Louis County for burial in the St. Louis Cemetery.<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Daniel%20Applegate%20Fifer.docx" name="_ednref8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[viii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-element: endnote-list;">
<!--[if !supportEndnotes]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">©Eileen Cunningham, 2013</span><br />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<br />
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Daniel%20Applegate%20Fifer.docx" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[i]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Based on information submitted in 1938 by Frank Lindsay Applegate on his
application for membership in the Sons of the American Revolution.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn2" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Daniel%20Applegate%20Fifer.docx" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;"> Information
from Hugh Vorees’ work, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Applegate
Family in America</i>, cited by John C. Butler. “The Applegate Trail.” </span><a href="http://www.uh.edu/~jbutler/gean/applegatetrail.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">http://www.uh.edu/~jbutler/gean/applegatetrail.html</span></a></div>
</div>
<div id="edn3" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Daniel%20Applegate%20Fifer.docx" name="_edn3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Ibid.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn4" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Daniel%20Applegate%20Fifer.docx" name="_edn4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">
Ken Lindsay. “Biography of Anthony Lindsay, Jr., (1736-1808): Soldier,
Explorer, and Pioneer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><a href="http://www.historical-footprints-2010.com/lindsay_2.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">http://www.historical-footprints-2010.com/lindsay_2.html</span></a></div>
</div>
<div id="edn5" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Daniel%20Applegate%20Fifer.docx" name="_edn5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[v]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">Hugh
Vorees.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn6" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<h1 style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Daniel%20Applegate%20Fifer.docx" name="_edn6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">History of Chariton and Howard Counties, Missouri</span></i><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">, p. 917.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Available on Google Books.<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
</div>
<div id="edn7" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Daniel%20Applegate%20Fifer.docx" name="_edn7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;"> </span><i><span style="background: white; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt;">U.S.,
War of 1812 Service Records, 1812-1815<span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; word-spacing: 0px;"> </span></span></i><span style="background: white; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt;">[database
on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 1999.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn8" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Daniel%20Applegate%20Fifer.docx" name="_edn8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[viii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
“Revolutionary War Soldiers Buried in Missouri.” </span><a href="http://mossar.org/files/2011/02/Missouri-Patriot-Graves.pdf"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">http://mossar.org/files/2011/02/Missouri-Patriot-Graves.pdf</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
</span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
E. Cunninghamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10093850882638921077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462537054197231022.post-27217406349061290492013-09-22T16:01:00.001-07:002013-09-23T19:16:03.058-07:00Military Monday - Applegates on the Frontier--Cunningham and Jager Lines<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-tCwUu9H_104/Uj9UGe31SeI/AAAAAAAAAks/_0iAWPmnQIs/s1600/Pennsylvania+Ranger.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-tCwUu9H_104/Uj9UGe31SeI/AAAAAAAAAks/_0iAWPmnQIs/s200/Pennsylvania+Ranger.jpg" width="160" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ranger on the Northwest Frontier <br />
(Western Pennsylvania)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">To understand what the Applegates were up against in the violent milieu of western Pennsylvania in t</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">he eighteenth century, we can look at an example offered by C. Hale Sipe in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Indian Wars of Pennsylvania.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i>Sipe describes an episode of the French and Indian Wars (1754-1763<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">)</i> when French-allied Indians attacked white settlers in Pennsylvania:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> "</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">No pen can describe the horrors of this bloody incursion. Infuriated </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Indians dashed out the </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">brains of little children against the door-posts of cabins of the settlers in the presence of shrieking mothers, and, it is said, in some cases, cut off the heads of children and drank their warm blood. Wives and mothers were tied to trees, and compelled to witness the torture of their husbands and children. One woman, over ninety years of age, was found with her breasts cut off and a stake driven through her body. Scores of houses and barns were burned. Horses and cattle were killed or driven off. The captured settlers were taken to Kittanning and other Delaware and Shawnee towns in the valleys of the Allegheny and Ohio, and later to the Tuscarawas and Muskingum, few of whom ever returned (218)."<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Benjamin%20Applegate.docx" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[i]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In the long ago, the prophet Jeremiah observed,
“The heart is deceitful above all things and desperately wicked.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Who can know it?”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And certainly the</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> massacres and
atrocities committed by both the Native Americans and the European settlers in
the late eighteenth century were sufficient testimony to the dark heart of
man.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">However, our
purpose here is not to examine the great sweep of history, but to look at the
struggles of individuals who were simply caught up in these perilous times.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>What were their lives like?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>How did they respond to the danger around
them?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Now, the French and Indian War had ended with a
victory for the English in 1763, and brothers Thomas and Benjamin Applegate had
felt the tug to move from their home in New Jersey to the northwest frontier in
search of farmland.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-nLZx9jW6V3s/Uj9XAgygJnI/AAAAAAAAAlA/qi-YL87E0Us/s1600/Ohio+Country.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="150" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-nLZx9jW6V3s/Uj9XAgygJnI/AAAAAAAAAlA/qi-YL87E0Us/s200/Ohio+Country.png" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Ohio Country<br />
(Pennsylvania on east side)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">According to a family history published in the
Elizabeth [PA] <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Herald</i> in 1888, “</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">In the central
portion of Forward township [in Westmoreland County] is a locality known for a
hundred years or thereabouts as the ‘Jersey Settlement.’ This is the oldest
settlement within the limits of the township, and dates from the year 1766. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In that year Thomas, William, Daniel, Samuel,
and Benjamin Applegate, James and Walter Wall, all originally from Monmouth
County, New Jersey crossed the mountains and settles <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">[sic] </i>here upon lands still largely owned by their descendants.
They left their wives and children behind at their old homes. These two families
were connected by intermarriage.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Benjamin%20Applegate.docx" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Other members of this family also appear in
the census records for Allegheny County in 1790 and the early 1800s.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-RIWwA8eiI9g/Uj9Xu0X8JtI/AAAAAAAAAlE/68GUlTR-8mY/s1600/Proclamation+1763.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-RIWwA8eiI9g/Uj9Xu0X8JtI/AAAAAAAAAlE/68GUlTR-8mY/s200/Proclamation+1763.jpg" width="145" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Proclamation of 1763</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">As English
colonists, some of the Applegates (including Thomas and Richard) had fought for
the Crown during the French and Indian Wars and were none too happy when King
George III signed the Proclamation of 1763 in which, after winning territory
from the French, colonists would not be allowed to settle west of the Allegheny
Mountains.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Many say the king was trying
to improve relations with the Indians who had been allied with the French for
so many years, but, as a sign of growing dissatisfaction with the British
Crown, the colonists felt the king was deliberately keeping them east of the
mountains in order to have a firmer grip on their actions.<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Benjamin%20Applegate.docx" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By the time of the proclamation, some
colonists had already settled in western Pennsylvania, and others, who felt
they had earned the right to move into the area they had helped win, soon
followed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SakHni6aM1g/Uj9aVC6_qZI/AAAAAAAAAlQ/gAZKN6ufCcA/s1600/Redstone.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SakHni6aM1g/Uj9aVC6_qZI/AAAAAAAAAlQ/gAZKN6ufCcA/s200/Redstone.jpg" width="175" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fort Burd, Later <br />
Fort Redstone</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">The Applegates
and the Walls were among these settlers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Probably following the road made by the army of General Braddock during
the French and Indian Wars, they reached the Monongahela at or near Redstone.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Now, Redstone was the site of what is known
as the Redstone Old Fort, which had been built by Col. James Burd’s men in late
1759.<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Benjamin%20Applegate.docx" name="_ednref4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is significant to our story because Richard
Applegate, brother to Thomas and Benjamin, had fought with Burd’s 1<sup>st</sup>
Pennsylvania regiment during the French and Indian Wars back in 1754, when Burd
had still been a major.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Whether Richard
had helped build the fort is not known, but it is likely that his brothers knew
about Fort Redstone as well as the nearby Fort Hangard, which had been erected
by the French on Redstone Creek in 1754.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>When the Applegates arrived, both of these forts were serving as places
of refuge for settlers during periods of Indian depredations, making the site a
good choice for men who wished to bring their families west as soon as
possible.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">In November 1768,
the British re-negotiated the boundary set out in the 1763 Proclamation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This agreement, called the Treaty of Fort
Stanwix, is sometimes referred to as the Purchase of 1768 inasmuch as the
Indians were paid <span style="background: white; color: black;">£10,460 7s. 3d.
sterling (in gifts and cash) as part of the deal.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>According to this agreement, the western
border was pushed considerably farther to the west, and it must have been this
optimistic turn of events that made the Applegates and Walls feel </span>secure
enough to send for their wives and children to join them, which we know
happened in the fall of 1768.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
following spring, the women and children did finally make their way west to join their husbands and fathers. Then, in May, 1776, as the thirteen colonies seemed headed to war with the Crown,</span> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">the </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: black;">British sealed a deal at Fort Niagara, New York, by which most of the Iroquois Confederacy agreed to join them in war against the Americans.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As a result, these tribes “spread terror, devastation and death throughout the frontiers of New York and Pennsylvania.” At the same time, some of the western tribes, “through the influence of the British at Detroit, took the British side, and raided the frontiers of Western Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Virginia and Kentucky.” In October, Sir Henry Hamilton, the British officer in command at Detroit, began organizing the king’s Indian allies for operations against the western frontier the following spring.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Offering rewards for scalps, Hamilton sent out war parties against the frontiers of Kentucky, Virginia, and Pennsylvania in early June of 1777. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By the end of July, he had “sent out fifteen war parties, consisting of 30 white men and 289 Indians, an average of 21 in each band.” <a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Benjamin%20Applegate.docx" name="_ednref5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[v]</span></span></span></span></a></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> The Rev. John Heckewelder, an American <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-K8vF-mKG268/Uj9fE7aGtYI/AAAAAAAAAlg/bujXbalP4vE/s1600/Joseph_Brant_painting_by_George_Romney_1776.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-K8vF-mKG268/Uj9fE7aGtYI/AAAAAAAAAlg/bujXbalP4vE/s200/Joseph_Brant_painting_by_George_Romney_1776.jpg" width="123" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Iroquois Joseph Brant <br />
(Thayendanegea)<br />
British Ally</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
missionary active in the region at the time, stated in </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">his <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">History of the Indian Nations</i> that Colonel Hamilton’s instructions were “to kill all the rebels.” A Wyandot chief responded by stating that surely the order was not intended to apply to women and children, to which Hamilton replied, “Kill all; destroy all; nits breed lice.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Benjamin%20Applegate.docx" name="_ednref6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[vi]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Now, during the Revolution, George Washington had determined that frontier security was to be </span>a <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">local responsibility, so to that end, some of the Applegates and Walls </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">joined the Pennsylvania Rangers to defend the western frontier against Hamilton’s marauders.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rangers were “full-time soldiers employed by the colonial governments to ‘range’ between fixed frontier fortifications as a reconnaissance system to provide early warning of hostile raids.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In offensive operations, they became scouts and guides, locating targets (such as villages) for task forces drawn from the militia or other colonial troops.”<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black;"> <a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Benjamin%20Applegate.docx" name="_ednref7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[vii]</span></span></span></a></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> From 1778 to 1783, Benjamin Applegate served as a Ranger in Westmoreland County under Captain </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Thomas Moore.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was 51 years old when this service began.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thomas Applegate may have been prevented by age and health from serving, but his son Hezekiah Applegate served under Captain Philip Rogers.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">To show the kind of danger these men were facing, let me here recount the story of Colonel William </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Crawford of Westmoreland County, the same county where the Applegates had settled.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In fact, Garrett Wall Applegate, son of Benjamin Applegate, served with Crawford for a time.<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Benjamin%20Applegate.docx" name="_ednref8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="color: blue;">[viii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> On June 10, 1782, Crawford and ten others were taken captive by a band of Indians.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As John N. Bucher recorded in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">History of Westmoreland County</i>: "</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">His cruel death has been written of a great deal, and is perhaps, of all outrages </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">committed by the Indians, the one which will dwell longest in the memory of civilized people. He was tied to a tree and burning wood placed near him so as to lengthen his torture. The squaws cut his ears and nose off, and heaped burning coals on his head and back. For three hours he endured this agony, when at last the brave but exhausted Colonel sank into a most welcome death. Simon Girty superintended this barbarous affair. Dr. [John] Knight witnessed it, and knew that he was to be saved for similar exhibition in another locality a night or two following. When being taken there he escaped, and after twenty- two days of wandering reached Fort McIntosh, and thence returned to his home."<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Benjamin%20Applegate.docx" name="_ednref9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[ix]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">The Simon Girty mentioned in this narrative was born into a colonist family but had been taken</span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6r00HrFVBzw/Uj9WU2JRpRI/AAAAAAAAAk4/Kbg0t3-JGAA/s1600/Simon_Girty.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6r00HrFVBzw/Uj9WU2JRpRI/AAAAAAAAAk4/Kbg0t3-JGAA/s200/Simon_Girty.jpg" width="168" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Simon Girty</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">captive by the Indians as a boy and raised among them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Eventually freed, he served as a translator for the British during the French and Indian War.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At the beginning of the Revolution, he initially served on the American side, but turned traitor and took up with the British once again.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His home, which was called Girty’s Run, was on the Allegheny River in what is today Milvale, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, which made him a neighbor to Benjamin Applegate, who was living in Elizabeth township, Westmoreland County [Westmoreland County originally comprised Allegheny County].<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Today some look upon him as a champion of the Indians against the encroachments of the whites, but during his life he was considered a man almost deranged in his cruelties and one of the most infamous turncoats of the war.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is enough for us to note that Girty was just one more wild card in the frontier violence of the American Revolution. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">According to the obituary of Captain Thomas Moore, the Pennsylvania Rangers in his command </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“<span style="color: black;">took part in the defense of Fort Pitt against the savages.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Benjamin%20Applegate.docx" name="_ednref10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[x]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Moore’s lieutenant was a man named Benjamin Harrison, who was given command of the Westmoreland Rangers in 1782.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[xi]</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-iy3g7ZmdHBQ/Uj9x9wivD8I/AAAAAAAAAmk/oiGJJSDMUOA/s1600/Fort+Pitt.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="210" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-iy3g7ZmdHBQ/Uj9x9wivD8I/AAAAAAAAAmk/oiGJJSDMUOA/s320/Fort+Pitt.png" width="320" /></a></span></div>
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<pre style="background: white;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Outdoorsmen of western Pennsylvania today have kept alive the legend of these rangers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> One notes </span></span></pre>
<div style="background: white;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-3DGOwSYWNgA/UkDzzo4C3PI/AAAAAAAAAm4/2bo60WXaF2Q/s1600/Lady+Liberty.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-3DGOwSYWNgA/UkDzzo4C3PI/AAAAAAAAAm4/2bo60WXaF2Q/s200/Lady+Liberty.jpg" width="153" /></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">that they </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">quite often looked as much like Indians as they did Europeans, often wearing Native clothes and sometimes painting themselves.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Another states, “The rangers were all scouts, volunteers mostly, that would patrol the wilderness around settlements whenever Indian uprising occurred. All were exceptional woodsmen, the likes of Samuel Brady, Simon Kenton, and Lewis Wetzel. Hopefully they could prevent small Indian raids before they happened or warn the settlements of pending attacks when they couldn't. All were exceptional marksmen and trackers, and had the ability to live off the land with nothing more then the clothing on their back and the necessaries in their possible bag. A rare breed and I'm sure that quite a few of them left this world at the fire stake or without their hair.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Benjamin%20Applegate.docx" name="_ednref12" style="mso-endnote-id: edn12;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="color: blue;">[xii]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> While the men were away, the women and children would have been dependent on each other </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">for </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">their sustenance and protection.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>My guess is that, living in such dangerous times, most of them would have been able to handle a weapon.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One cannot help but notice that Rebecca Wall Applegate, Benjamin’s wife and sister of Walter and James Wall, died at age 51 in May 1781, which was during the time that Benjamin was serving with the Rangers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I have not come across anything yet that indicates the cause of her death.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Whether she died as the result of one the very Indian depredations that the men were so devotedly trying to prevent or whether she died of disease while her husband was away, one feels equally saddened and painfully aware of what our pioneer mothers endured on the frontier.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">When the war was over, Benjamin and his family settled permanently in Elizabeth township in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, where, at the age of 98, he passed from this life on May 31, 1823.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He is buried in the Applegate Family Cemetery in Allegheny County.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Benjamin’s son James took a westerly route to Ohio, where James’s son Andrew also resided.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Andrew’s son, Uriah Samson, went west to Pottawatomie County, Kansas, sometime in the 1870s and was the ancestor of Helen Applegate, who married German immigrant Adam Jager in about 1914.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Benjamin’s older brother, Thomas Applegate, died in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, in about 1790.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His son Hezekiah became a Baptist minister and settled in Scott County, Indiana, where he passed away in 1828.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hezekiah’s daughter Mary moved south into Tennessee with her husband, Burwell “Burrell” Burchett.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The two eventually settled in Claiborne County, Tennessee, and are the ancestors of the Cunninghams of Claiborne County.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<pre style="background: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></pre>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Benjamin%20Applegate.docx" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[i]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Indian Wars of Pennsylvania.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i></span></span><a href="http://www.archive.org/stream/indianwarsofpenn00sipe/indianwarsofpenn00sipe_djvu.txt"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">http://www.archive.org/stream/indianwarsofpenn00sipe/indianwarsofpenn00sipe_djvu.txt</span></i></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;"> </span></i></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Benjamin%20Applegate.docx" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
“The Jersey Settlement.” </span><a href="http://www.uh.edu/~jbutler/gean/jerseysettlement.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">http://www.uh.edu/~jbutler/gean/jerseysettlement.html</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn3" style="mso-element: endnote;">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Benjamin%20Applegate.docx" name="_edn3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
“The Proclamation of 1763.” </span><a href="http://www.ushistory.org/declaration/related/proc63.htm"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">http://www.ushistory.org/declaration/related/proc63.htm</span></a><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn4" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Benjamin%20Applegate.docx" name="_edn4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[iv]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
Report of the Commission to Locate the Site of the Frontier Forts of
Pennsylvania. </span><a href="http://www.usgwarchives.net/pa/1pa/1picts/frontierforts/ff32.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">http://www.usgwarchives.net/pa/1pa/1picts/frontierforts/ff32.html</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">
</span><b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn5" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Benjamin%20Applegate.docx" name="_edn5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[v]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Indian Wars of Pennsylvania.<o:p></o:p></i></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.archive.org/stream/indianwarsofpenn00sipe/indianwarsofpenn00sipe_djvu.txt"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">http://www.archive.org/stream/indianwarsofpenn00sipe/indianwarsofpenn00sipe_djvu.txt</span></i></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></i></div>
</div>
<div id="edn6" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Benjamin%20Applegate.docx" name="_edn6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vi]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">History, Manners, and Customs of the Indians
Who Once Inhabited Pennsylvania and the Neighboring States. </i></span></span><a href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=EoqFU50BYaAC&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&authuser=0&hl=en&pg=GBS.PA338"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=EoqFU50BYaAC&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&authuser=0&hl=en&pg=GBS.PA338</span></i></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
</div>
<div id="edn7" style="mso-element: endnote;">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Benjamin%20Applegate.docx" name="_edn7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[vii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
“Rangers in Colonial and Revolutionary America.” </span><a href="http://freepages.military.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~douglas/Creeds_Histories/rgrhistory2.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">http://freepages.military.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~douglas/Creeds_Histories/rgrhistory2.html</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">
</span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Benjamin%20Applegate.docx" name="_edn8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[viii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Friends of Fort Laurens.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i></span></span><a href="http://www.friendsoffortlaurens.org/Biographies_/Applegate__Pvt_Garrett__Garret_.pdf"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">http://www.friendsoffortlaurens.org/Biographies_/Applegate__Pvt_Garrett__Garret_.pdf</span></i></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;"> </span></i></div>
</div>
<div id="edn9" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Benjamin%20Applegate.docx" name="_edn9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[ix]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">History of Westmoreland County. </i></span></span><a href="http://www.pa-roots.com/westmoreland/historyproject/vol1/chap11.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">http://www.pa-roots.com/westmoreland/historyproject/vol1/chap11.html</span></a></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Benjamin%20Applegate.docx" name="_edn10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue; font-size: x-small;">[x]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
Find A Grave Memorial #5061854.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><a href="http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=5061854"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><span style="color: blue; font-size: x-small;">http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=5061854</span></span></a></div>
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<div id="edn11" style="mso-element: endnote;">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Benjamin%20Applegate.docx" name="_edn11" style="mso-endnote-id: edn11;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[<span style="font-size: x-small;">xi]</span></span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Francis,
Robert E. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A Biography of COL John
Hinkson: Pennsylvania and Kentucky Frontiersman.</i> </span></span></span><a href="http://www.frontierfolk.net/ramsha_research/jhinksonbio.html"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: blue; font-size: xx-small;">http://www.frontierfolk.net/ramsha_research/jhinksonbio.html</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> ; </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rosters of Officers and Staff 8<sup>th</sup>
Pennsylvania, September 1778-January 1783. </span></span></span><a href="http://www.bchistory.org/beavercounty/BAHF/FortMc.Carver/Carver.Roster.html"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: blue; font-size: xx-small;">http://www.bchistory.org/beavercounty/BAHF/FortMc.Carver/Carver.Roster.html</span></span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/Genealogy%20%20Blog/Benjamin%20Applegate.docx" name="_edn12" style="mso-endnote-id: edn12;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;">[xii]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">HuntingPA.com. </i></span></span><a href="http://www.huntingpa.com/forums/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=2655874"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;">http://www.huntingpa.com/forums/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=2655874</span></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;"> [Edited for typos]</span></i></div>
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E. Cunninghamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10093850882638921077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462537054197231022.post-6625062667158354242013-07-20T18:42:00.000-07:002013-07-20T21:58:45.675-07:00Llywelyn the Great, Part III - Bain Line<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-iZhlpj-dmug/Ues7-1ZS08I/AAAAAAAAAjM/LDOsgDj7oZk/s1600/Llewelyn+Fawr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-iZhlpj-dmug/Ues7-1ZS08I/AAAAAAAAAjM/LDOsgDj7oZk/s1600/Llewelyn+Fawr.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Llywelyn ab Iorwerth</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;">In Shakespeare’s play <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Henry V</i>, the king goes wandering amongst
his men<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> incognito</i> the night before
the battle.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He engages them in
conversation about whether there is a difference between a king and other men
and says, “I think the king is but a man, as I am: the violet smells to him as
it doth to me.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;">And this is something we often forget.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The king is “but a man,” and Llywelyn was no
different.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So what can we know about Llywelyn
the man?</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: right;">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-02mpArDr6T8/UesiEb1n85I/AAAAAAAAAg4/dW5mf_9l5gs/s1600/Moreton+Corbet+Castle+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-02mpArDr6T8/UesiEb1n85I/AAAAAAAAAg4/dW5mf_9l5gs/s200/Moreton+Corbet+Castle+3.jpg" width="150" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Entry to Corbet Castle</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;">First, I think, we must consider his
boyhood.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His father was killed in
political violence when Llywelyn was just a toddler, and his mother fled with
him into exile, probably into England. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span class="gb-title-box-title"><span style="color: black;">Sharon Kay Penman's novel </span></span><em><span style="color: black;">Here Be Dragons</span></em><span class="gb-title-box-title"><span style="color: black;">, which is about Wales in the time of Llywelyn Fawr, opens
in Shropshire, which borders north Wales, where the boy Llywelyn is growing up in Corbet Castle, his
mother having eventually married into the Corbet family. There has been some
debate as to where Marared fled with her son, but there
is documentation that suggests Penman is correct. Specifically, in a grant of
land to the monastery at Wigmore, Llywelyn makes references to a Walter Corbet,
who appears to have been a monk at Wigmore, and a William Corbet, whom Llywelyn
styles <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">avunculi mei</i>, (my uncle). If
this William were the brother-in-law of Marared, then he would indeed have been
an uncle (albeit a step-uncle) of Llywelyn's. Since two-year-old Llywelyn was,
for all practical matters, at war with his father's brothers when Marared took
him into exile, the Corbets may have been a family whom he did actually view
with affection. </span></span></span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3CALP3Gc8ns/UetDEoePhYI/AAAAAAAAAjs/ycCUeUe8nK8/s1600/Conwy_Estuary.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="53" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3CALP3Gc8ns/UetDEoePhYI/AAAAAAAAAjs/ycCUeUe8nK8/s320/Conwy_Estuary.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Estuary of the River Conwy</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="gb-title-box-title"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;">In 1184, when Llywelyn was twelve, his supporters in Wales began
to rise up against his uncle, Daffyd ab Owain, and Llywelyn appears to have
returned from exile.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It took ten years,
but in 1194, Llywelyn, assisted by his cousins, Gruffudd ap Cynan and Maredudd
ap Cynan [in Welsh <em>dd</em> is pronounced as <em>th</em>], defeated his uncle at the Battle of Aberconwy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Llywelyn and Gruffudd were strong figures in
Wales until 1201 when Gruffudd died, and with Daffyd ab Owain safely
imprisoned, Llywelyn was the undisputed prince of Gwynedd for four decades.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;">So, from a king’s point of view, things
might be looking quite good.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But, as
Richard, Duke of Gloucester, is given to say in Shakespeare’s play <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Richard III</i>, once “the bruiséd arms” are
hung up on the wall, the warriors begin to “caper nimbly in a lady’s chamber to
the lascivious pleasing of a lute.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And
thus it was with Llywelyn.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 27pt;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-BKvNwhz_gBQ/UesjT7LU2xI/AAAAAAAAAhE/CyQfrdRUdLI/s1600/Joan+Lady+of+Wales.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-BKvNwhz_gBQ/UesjT7LU2xI/AAAAAAAAAhE/CyQfrdRUdLI/s1600/Joan+Lady+of+Wales.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sarcophagus of Joan, Lady of Wales</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;">In 1204 or 1205, Llywelyn contracted a
marriage with an illegitimate daughter of King John of England, hoping, no
doubt, for a strong alliance with England in the bargain.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Named Joan, this daughter of John’s came,
over time, to be called “the Lady of Wales.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;">Now, here is where things get
complicated.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is hard to know what any
king’s feelings were for a wife he took for political reasons—or she, for
him—but Llywelyn’s manhood suffered a blow in the year 1230.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In
1229, Llywelyn had released from imprisonment William de Braose, an
Anglo-Norman lord of the Welsh Marches (i.e., a subject of the king of
England).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>De Braose had been captured in
border fighting the previous year and had ransomed himself by promising a
marriage alliance between his son and Llywelyn’s daughter Isabella, a match
that came with a nice chunk of property for Llywelyn.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And so the plans got underway.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 27pt;">
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-gJxXh5cFZbE/Ues6PImIwnI/AAAAAAAAAi8/APkaz76pzVk/s1600/Dolwyddelan_Castle_Keep.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-gJxXh5cFZbE/Ues6PImIwnI/AAAAAAAAAi8/APkaz76pzVk/s200/Dolwyddelan_Castle_Keep.jpg" width="149" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dolwyddelan Castle Keep,<br />
<div align="center">
a Castle of Llywelyn Fawr</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;">Now, in 1230, Lord William was
forty-three years old and Joan, the Lady of Wales, already forty-nine, so
perhaps Llywelyn did not suspect any shenanigans to occur between the two of
them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But in this he would have been
wrong.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Had they become attracted to each
during the time when De Braose was held captive by Joan’s husband, or was it a
more sudden rush by a man who had not seen freedom for awhile?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Whatever the case, it became known that the
two had committed adultery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;">One story has it that the king returned
from a hunting trip and found them in the bedchamber together.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Another says that, upon learning of the
affair, he sent men to De Braose’s own home to arrest him and return him to
Wales.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Outraged at the betrayal,
Llywelyn had De Braose publicly hanged on May 2 at a place called “Crokeen,”
says the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dictionary of National
Biography.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 27pt;">
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-daDj6cSwhF0/Uesj0a9HIpI/AAAAAAAAAhM/aK95Xgad_YA/s1600/William+de+Braose+arms.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-daDj6cSwhF0/Uesj0a9HIpI/AAAAAAAAAhM/aK95Xgad_YA/s1600/William+de+Braose+arms.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Arms of William de Braose<br />
Inverted to Signify His Hanging</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;">In 1231, Joan was forgiven and released
from house arrest.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As a king, Llywelyn
came out a winner: the marriage of his daughter to the heir of De Braose
brought land to him, and the man who had made of him a cuckold had been
hanged.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But what about Llywelyn as a
man?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Was he upset about Joan’s betrayal
of him as a person, or just the act of treason—for the adultery of a queen was
tantamount to treason against the king, as we all know from the Arthurian
legend (which did, after all, originate in Wales).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The fact that he released and forgave her suggests
there was a fondness between them, but the record is silent from the time of
Joan’s release until her death in 1237.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;">Still, one cannot be too sentimental
about the whole business because Llywelyn—as with most medieval princes and
kings—was guilty of his own indiscretions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Before his marriage to Joan, Llywelyn had a mistress named Tangwystl,
daughter of Llywarch, who apparently died giving birth to Llywelyn’s first son,
Gruffudd, in 1198.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 27pt;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-vHYphXIQdZQ/UeskdSCEQuI/AAAAAAAAAhU/A0RSxpI6PQc/s1600/King+John.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-vHYphXIQdZQ/UeskdSCEQuI/AAAAAAAAAhU/A0RSxpI6PQc/s200/King+John.jpg" width="85" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">King John of England</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;">This son is the source of another tale
which shows the conflict between personhood and kingship in the life of
Llywelyn.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In his ongoing problems with his
father-in-law, King John of England, in August 1211, John got the upper hand,
and Llywelyn sent his wife, Joan, to broker a deal with her father.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>According to the terms she worked out,
Llywelyn lost his lands east of the River Conwy but was allowed to keep his
other lands, which would revert to England if no male heir was born to
Joan.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Further, in addition to being
forced to pay tribute to the English king in the form of cattle and horses,
Llywelyn had to surrender his first-born son, Gruffydd, as a hostage.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 27pt;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-nmTak_yiI04/UesuEBcV6eI/AAAAAAAAAis/53110-bvGsQ/s1600/queen.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="146" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-nmTak_yiI04/UesuEBcV6eI/AAAAAAAAAis/53110-bvGsQ/s200/queen.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Wicked Stepmother</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;">Now here we must stop and look at the
manipulation that was being done here at Gruffydd’s expense.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>First of all, the boy was only thirteen at
the time, and here he was, being sent off indefinitely as a prisoner of a
foreign king as part of a deal negotiated by his stepmother!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Convenient enough for <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">her</i>, as her sons, when they were born, would not have to compete
with Llywelyn’s illegitimate son for the right to become the next prince of
Gwynedd, which, under Welsh law, would not have been a problem.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Was Llywelyn by, when Gruffydd mounted a
horse or was placed inside an English carriage and hauled back to London a
prisoner?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is not certain at what
point in time he was released by the English and returned to Wales, but by 1221
he was styled lord of the cantref of Meirionnydd (now Merionethshire) and the
commote of Ardudwy—and in fairly constant conflict with his father,
Llywelyn.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Who could blame him?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;">One more consideration, before moving
on, is the fact that Llywelyn had sent Joan to deal with King John in the first
place, which suggests something about his personality.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There is nothing in the writings of Gerald of
Wales that would indicate a weakness on Llywelyn’s part, and he is known to
have been a skilled leader of men.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One
doesn’t become known as Llywelyn the Great by hiding behind a woman’s skirts,
so I think we can exclude cowardice as a cause.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 27pt;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-3FT13z7Yz5M/UeslDoCRyrI/AAAAAAAAAhc/dKnSpRAbIdw/s1600/Gerald+of+Wales.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="150" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-3FT13z7Yz5M/UeslDoCRyrI/AAAAAAAAAhc/dKnSpRAbIdw/s320/Gerald+of+Wales.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Gerald of Wales</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;">Perhaps King John had a soft spot in his
heart for his illegitimate daughter.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Certainly he had made a pretty good marriage for her and, like most
kings, probably hoped to have a grandson through whom his dynasty could gain
some power and influence.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If so, then
Joan might have seemed an excellent candidate to come to terms with John, and,
looking at the situation through twenty-first century eyes, perhaps we can say
that Llywelyn was ahead of his time in understanding the acumen of which a
woman could be capable (and Joan was, after all, her father's daughter with perhaps his penchant for high-handedness.)</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 27pt;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ra-rnV_uZfQ/UesljdqexTI/AAAAAAAAAhk/E6Td4da2PuQ/s1600/Llywelyn+with+Gruffydd.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ra-rnV_uZfQ/UesljdqexTI/AAAAAAAAAhk/E6Td4da2PuQ/s200/Llywelyn+with+Gruffydd.jpg" width="130" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div align="center">
Llywelyn on Death Bed</div>
<div align="center">
with Sons Gruffydd (l.)</div>
<div align="center">
and Daffyd (r.)</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;">Sadly, the conflict between the son of
Tangwystl and the eventual sons of Joan continued for decades until 1241, when
Joan’s son Daffyd sent him once again to be held in the Tower of London, where
he died in 1244 (three years after his father’s death) in an escape attempt.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;">But Tangwystl was not the only mistress
Llywelyn had, nor was Gruffydd the only illegitimate child.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One never knows how many “natural” children
are on one’s family tree until digging in to genealogical research, but my family
owes a debt of gratitude to the fact that Llywelyn acknowledged his
illegitimate children and made solid arrangements for them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 27pt;">
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-pRzdgotUjr8/UesmZhCeDuI/AAAAAAAAAh0/zk7InRqts8I/s1600/13th+Century+Dress.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-pRzdgotUjr8/UesmZhCeDuI/AAAAAAAAAh0/zk7InRqts8I/s200/13th+Century+Dress.jpg" width="63" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">13th-Century<br />
Lady</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;">In 1230, the same year that Joan fell
from favor and was imprisoned, Llywelyn took another mistress, whose name is
lost in the mists of time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, as a
result of that relationship was born a little girl named Elen, to whom I will
refer as Elen the Younger to distinguish her from Llywelyn’s legitimate
daughter, Elen the Elder, who was already twenty-four when the younger Elen was
born. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;">Llywelyn’s provision for Elen the
Younger was a marriage he arranged for her with a Scottish noble, Máel Colium
(Malcolm), 2<sup>nd</sup> earl of Fife, in the year 1249.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Malcolm, however, died in 1266, and three
years later Elen remarried with Donald I, 10<sup>th</sup> earl of Mar, who held
Kildrummy Castle, where the marriage took place.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With Donald, Elen had six children, the fifth
of whom was their daughter Isabella Matilda, Lady of Mar, our ancestor, and the
first wife of the famous Robert the Bruce, king of Scotland (1274-1329).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 27pt;">
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-nHBoU173LYM/UesnuT4H-TI/AAAAAAAAAiE/VYtUkI48fbY/s1600/Kildrummy+Castle.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="106" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-nHBoU173LYM/UesnuT4H-TI/AAAAAAAAAiE/VYtUkI48fbY/s320/Kildrummy+Castle.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Kildrummy Castle, Seat of the Earls of Mar</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-9GhgtKdSByo/UesoaR2ToiI/AAAAAAAAAiQ/7pv--CiAAE8/s1600/Isabella+Mar.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-9GhgtKdSByo/UesoaR2ToiI/AAAAAAAAAiQ/7pv--CiAAE8/s200/Isabella+Mar.jpg" width="131" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Isabella Mar and<br />
<div align="center">
Walter Stewart</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;">When life gives you lemons, they say,
make lemonade.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perhaps that’s an
applicable motto for the illegitimate daughter of Llywelyn.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Conceived while Llywelyn was on the outs with
his wife, married into Scotland (a foreign land), and widowed at the age of
twenty-six, Elen the Younger held on, becoming the mother of Marjorie Bruce,
whose marriage to Walter Stewart, 6<sup>th</sup> high steward of Scotland, made
her the matriarch of the Stewart dynasty.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Not bad for a little girl with few chances in the far-off corner of
Wales. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;">And so it was that Llywelyn the Great,
prince of Gwynedd, negotiated the curves of his personal and political lives in
a way that helps us to see the follies and fortunes of our ancestor, the man
Llywelyn ab Iorwerth.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;"></span> </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<br /></div>
<br />E. Cunninghamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10093850882638921077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462537054197231022.post-69996269046688080242013-06-24T11:40:00.000-07:002013-06-24T11:40:22.121-07:00Madness Monday - George Sinclair, 4th Earl of Caithness: One Bad Dude - Munro Line<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-9FFAcLFdbbc/UcXLx-axopI/AAAAAAAAAf0/PUm5JTbiuAI/s1600/Girnigoe+Castle+Andrew+Spratt+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="224" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-9FFAcLFdbbc/UcXLx-axopI/AAAAAAAAAf0/PUm5JTbiuAI/s320/Girnigoe+Castle+Andrew+Spratt+2.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Reconstruction of Girnigoe Castle by Andrew Spratt</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Does power lead to
cruelty, or does cruelty lead to power?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Did George Sinclair (1527-1582) have the same “bad gene” that turned his great-uncle William Sinclair into the person known in history
as “William the Wastrel”?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Was it the
same gene that turned his grandson, another George and the 5<sup>th</sup>
Earl of Caithness, into the person we know as “the Wicked Earl”?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Or were these fellows bad because they lived
in cruel times?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It’s the age-old Nature
v. Nurture debate, I suppose, but there were no niceties of the psychiatrist’s
couch in the earl’s time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There was just
blunt force.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-CZc5chXcO3Q/UcXF32L57_I/AAAAAAAAAfg/taufLIZ2jg0/s1600/Girnigoe+Castle+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-CZc5chXcO3Q/UcXF32L57_I/AAAAAAAAAfg/taufLIZ2jg0/s200/Girnigoe+Castle+2.jpg" width="150" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Girnigoe Castle Today</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>George’s
grandfather, William Sinclair, 2<sup>nd</sup> Earl of Caithness, had added to
the Sinclair castles by building Girnigoe Castle three miles north of Wick on
the east coast of Scotland.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(The
spelling <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Groën gho</i> is found in some
documents.)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was a massive beast of a
castle of the L-Plan towerhouse type with a massive square multi-storey tower typical
in Scotland at the time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Similar castles
are known to have had walls 14 feet thick on the ground floor, and since
Girnigoe was nearly impregnable until it was attacked in the seventeenth
century by Cromwell’s cannons, we can probably assume that it was a pretty
sturdy place.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Tx74T-u3WLs/UcXF32fA_gI/AAAAAAAAAfc/SDzcZHYs3eM/s1600/Girnigoe+Castle+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Tx74T-u3WLs/UcXF32fA_gI/AAAAAAAAAfc/SDzcZHYs3eM/s320/Girnigoe+Castle+3.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Dungeon of Girnigoe Castle</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Of
interest to us in the story of George Sinclair, however, would more likely be
the dungeon of Girnigoe Castle.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>George’s
son and heir, John (called Master of Caithness as he was in line to be the next
earl), fell (to put it mildly) from his father’s good graces.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In a dispute with the Sinclairs’ arch-enemy,
the Earl of Sutherland, George sent his son John into the town of Dornoch to
attack <span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Hugh Murray of Aberscors,
a Sutherland ally.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In this assault, John
first burned down the Cathedral and destroyed the town, then besieged the castle.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Sutherland allies “cried uncle” and
surrendered the castle.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Agreeing to
leave the county, the defeated group left three hostages as a pledge that they
would follow through.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, Earl
George—was he paranoid?—took John’s decision not to kill the Sutherland allies
as a sign that he (John) had turned against his father and was in league with
the Sutherlands.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Therefore, when the
three hostages were delivered, George immediately had them beheaded and threw his
son John, aged 27, into the dungeon of Girnigoe castle, where he lived for
seven years in darkness.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>During the last
months of his life, his two jailers (actually Sinclair kin) began feeding him
salt-beef while depriving him of water.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The history books say that in 1577, John, Master of Caithness, “died insane
from thirst.” </span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"></span><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-h4-iogohCsk/UciNB3ys3xI/AAAAAAAAAgE/ZyTKp5S4xZM/s1600/Sinclair+Aisle.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-h4-iogohCsk/UciNB3ys3xI/AAAAAAAAAgE/ZyTKp5S4xZM/s320/Sinclair+Aisle.jpg" width="240" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sinclair Aisle in </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Wick, Caithness</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Photo by Gordon Mackay</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text1;"> In 1877, historian William
Anderson aptly described the end of George Sinclair, thus: “The inhuman earl
died at Edinburgh 9th September 1582, and his body was buried in St Giles [some say Rosslyn Chapel],
where a monument was erected to his memory. His heart was cased in lead and
placed in the Sinclair's aisle in the church of Wick, where his murdered son
was interred. . . . In an incursion of the earl of Sutherland into Caithness in
1588, afterwards mentioned, one of his followers, having entered the church of
Wick, found the leaden box which enclosed the heart of the cruel earl of
Caithness and, disappointed in expectations of treasure, he broke the casket
open and flung the corrupted heart to the winds.”<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> A leaden heart flung from a leaden case. A fitting end to one bad dude. </span><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<u><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Sources</span></u></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Anderson, William</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The Scottish Nation: Or. the Surnames,
Families, Literature, Honours, and Biographical History of the People of
Scotland. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">London: Fullarton, 1877.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Available on Google Books.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Images</span></u></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Girnigoe Castle Today.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Sinclair Girnigoe Castle.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Wikipedia.
</i>11 Jun 2013.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Web.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>22 Jun 2013.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girnigoe_Castle"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: blue;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girnigoe_Castle</span></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Inside the Dungeon.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Sinclair and Girnigoe Castle.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Caithness.org.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i>n.d. Web. 22 Jun 2013. </span><a href="http://www.caithness.org/caithness/castles/photogallery/index.php?gallery=14&start=24"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.caithness.org/caithness/castles/photogallery/index.php?gallery=14&start=24</span></span></i></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Reconstruction of Girnigoe Castle. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Used with the kind permission of Andrew
Spratt. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Stravaiging around Scotland. </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2013.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Web.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>22 Jun 2013. </span><a href="http://www.stravaiging.com/history/castle/castle-girnigoe"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.stravaiging.com/history/castle/castle-girnigoe</span></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Sinclair Aisle.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Used with the kind permission of Gordon
Mackay. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gordonmac Dot Com.</i> <a href="http://www.gordonmac.com/"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.gordonmac.com</span></a> </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">© Eileen Cunningham, 2013<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://geneabloggers.com/">http://geneabloggers.com</a><o:p></o:p></div>
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<br />E. Cunninghamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10093850882638921077noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462537054197231022.post-67690162831051769672013-06-09T09:18:00.000-07:002013-07-20T18:42:30.136-07:00Llywelyn the Great - Part II - Bain Line<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;"><strong></strong></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;"><strong></strong></span> </div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-6pj4PAP6BJU/Ua2FI3DktsI/AAAAAAAAAeU/9iIWM_nbIDc/s1600/St+David's+Cathedral.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-6pj4PAP6BJU/Ua2FI3DktsI/AAAAAAAAAeU/9iIWM_nbIDc/s1600/St+David's+Cathedral.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">St. David's, Pembrokeshire, Wales </span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;">The life of Llywelyn Fawr connects not only to the kings and earls of his time, but also to
the affairs of the Church, which was an ever present influence in medieval
life.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;">In the previous century, as part of the power struggle between Henry IV, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, and Pope Gregory VII, the pope had declared that it was absolutely necessary for every person on earth to submit to him in order to enter heaven upon death. Naturally, kings and emperors were not so sure this was the way they wanted things to play out. But in the thirteenth century, Pope Innocent III was happy to use this tenet to meddle in the affairs of nations. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;">This meant that he would take an interest even in the life of Llywelyn ab Iorwerth, far away on
the Atlantic Coast in Wales.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> Here is one example. </span>Before marrying
Joan, the daughter of King John, Llywelyn had been planning on marrying a
woman who had been pre-contracted to Llwelyn's uncle Rhodri ab Owain (one of the
villains in Llywelyn's story).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Though Rhodri
seems to have died before the marriage took place, a pre-contract was as
binding as a marriage in this time period, and Llywelyn would have needed a dispensation from the
pope to marry her.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, this never came to pass because, in 1211, he was fighting with King
John again, and when they came to terms, part of their peace agreement was that
Llywelyn would marry Joan, an illegitimate daughter of
the king.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-WKBDv7sCEwg/Ua1KI_6Vn9I/AAAAAAAAAdc/0L2B9q_jQPM/s1600/Innocent+III.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-WKBDv7sCEwg/Ua1KI_6Vn9I/AAAAAAAAAdc/0L2B9q_jQPM/s200/Innocent+III.jpg" width="169" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"> Pope Innocent III</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;">However,
marriage was not the only cause that brought Llywellyn into contact with the
pope.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If King John is famous (or
infamous) for anything, it is for his famous feud with Pope Innocent.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The feud came to a head in 1207, and Pope Innocent
let loose his most powerful weapons: he excommunicated John and, the following
year, put all of John’s kingdom under an interdict, including Wales.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Putting a whole country under interdict was
enormously powerful because it meant that no one in the kingdom could get
married, have the last rites of the church at the time of death, or—so the authorities
claimed—go to heaven.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Therefore, the
subjects of an excommunicated king would rise up against him, which was, of course, exactly the
hoped-for result.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;">For
this reason, Llywelyn had an ally in the pope in all his subsequent battles
with King John.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> From Llywelyn's point of view, </span>the best part of it was that the pope released him from his loyalty to
John as his overlord, which must have left John shaking his fist at the sky somewhere deep
in the valleys of Wales. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span> </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-fBaaBfrbJHo/Ua1Md_wqwXI/AAAAAAAAAdw/OTq0p3MqaTQ/s1600/Gerald+of+Wales.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-fBaaBfrbJHo/Ua1Md_wqwXI/AAAAAAAAAdw/OTq0p3MqaTQ/s200/Gerald+of+Wales.jpg" width="127" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Gerald of Wales</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;">Another
example of how a medieval king interacted with Church business is Llywellyn’s
support for Giraldus Cambrensis (Gerald of Wales), who was hoping to become
bishop of St. David's.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This effort became
embroiled in politics since Giraldus was wrangling to make the see of St.
David's equal to that of Canterbury, the seat of England’s archibishop.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>King John, as one would expect, was standing
behind Canterbury.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the end, Gerald
was accused of stirring up the Welsh rulers (especially Llywelyn) and was
effectively run out of the British Isles.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span><o:p></o:p></span> </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-u4whLbSH6rU/UbR6jn88hbI/AAAAAAAAAek/Q6HPXCVLJTE/s1600/Joan+of+Wales+Sarcophagus.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="134" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-u4whLbSH6rU/UbR6jn88hbI/AAAAAAAAAek/Q6HPXCVLJTE/s200/Joan+of+Wales+Sarcophagus.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Sarcophagus of Joan, Lady of Wales</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;">But
politics aside, Llywelyn had a sincere side to his faith.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He granted a charter to the Augustinian
friars at Beddgelert, and, in his old age, founded a Franciscan convent at
Llanvaes in Anglesey.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was at Llanvaes
that he buried his wife, Joan, when she died in 1237.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> (Her stone coffin, left, now lies in the Church of St. Mary and St. Nicholas in Beaumaris, Anglesey.) </span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-7HCtYMJrymo/Ua1KMda2A9I/AAAAAAAAAdk/_Dg4Pa-NkKQ/s1600/Aberconwy+Abbey.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="150" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-7HCtYMJrymo/Ua1KMda2A9I/AAAAAAAAAdk/_Dg4Pa-NkKQ/s200/Aberconwy+Abbey.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Aberconwy Abbey, Burial Place </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">of Llywelyn the Great</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;">His most noted donation to the Church,
however, was his establishment of a Cistercian abbey at Aberconwy in 1199.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Over the years, his generosity meant that the
Abbey of Aberconwy would hold 40,000 acres, more than any other abbey in Wales.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-xSJ9omh5NxM/Ua2C5c2gHVI/AAAAAAAAAd8/cGbhCX9EO2c/s1600/Penmon+Priory+Interior.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="150" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-xSJ9omh5NxM/Ua2C5c2gHVI/AAAAAAAAAd8/cGbhCX9EO2c/s200/Penmon+Priory+Interior.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Penmon Priory, Anglesey, Wales</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: 13pt;">In addition to being a
founder of these bodies, Llywellyn was a great patron of other Welsh religious
houses among which were Basingwerk Abbey, Flintshire; Cymer Abbey, Gwynedd; Penmon
Priory, Anglesey, and Puffin Island, Gwynedd.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="sourceitem" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt;">Near the end of his life,
Llywelyn became partially paralyzed and retired to live as a religious at
Aberconwy Abbey, where, in 1240, he died and was buried.</span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-zAtBBz7jT5Q/UbSkhQifSEI/AAAAAAAAAe0/8l5AnuvICnU/s1600/Llywelyn's+coffin+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="109" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-zAtBBz7jT5Q/UbSkhQifSEI/AAAAAAAAAe0/8l5AnuvICnU/s200/Llywelyn's+coffin+2.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Coffin of Llywelyn Fawr<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">now in Llanrwst parish church</span></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: 13pt;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 13pt;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 13pt;">End of Part II</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 13pt;"></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;">Sources:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;">“Aberconwy
Abbey,” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Wikipedia. </i>9 Apr 2013.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Web.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1
Jun 2013.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberconwy_Abbey"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;"><span style="color: blue;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberconwy_Abbey</span></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;">“Llywelyn ab
Iorwerth.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ancestry.com.</i>
Web. 1 Jun 2013. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;">“Llywelyn ab
Iorwerth; Llywelyn Fawr , Prince of Gwynedd (the Great).”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Monastic
Wales.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i>Universitat de Lleida.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>n. d.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Web.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1 June 2013.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><a href="http://www.monasticwales.org/person/10"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.monasticwales.org/person/10</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;">Ross,
David. “Llewelyn ab Iorwerth (Llewelyn the Great).” <em>Britain
Express. n. d. Web.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1 Jun
2013.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></em></span><a href="http://www.britainexpress.com/wales/history/llewelyn-iorwerth.htm"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.britainexpress.com/wales/history/llewelyn-iorwerth.htm</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;">Images:<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;"></span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;">Aberconwy
Abbey.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Aberconwy Abbey.” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Wikipedia. </i>9 Apr 2013.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Web.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1
Jun 2013.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberconwy_Abbey"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;"><span style="color: blue;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberconwy_Abbey</span></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;">Coffin of
Llewelyn ab Iorwerth.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Findagrave.com. </i>22 May 2010.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Web.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>9
Jun 2013.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i><a href="http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=52715022"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=52715022</span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;">Interior of
Penmon Priory.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Photograph by <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">J. Demetrescu. 2009.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Web.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1
Jun 2013.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
<a href="http://www.saintsandstones.net/saints-penmon-2009f.htm"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.saintsandstones.net/saints-penmon-2009f.htm</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;">
<span class="sculpture1"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;">Pope
Innocent III.<em><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“</em>Pope Innocent III.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><em>Wikipedia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>9 Jun 2013.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Web.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>9 Jun 2013.</em></span></span><span class="sculpture1"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;"><span style="color: blue;">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III</span></span></a><em><span class="sculpture1"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;">
</span></span><span class="sculpture1"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></em><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;">
<span class="sculpture1"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;">Sarcophagus of Joan, Lady of Wales. <em>“</em>Joan, Lady of
Wales.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><em>Wikipedia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>19 Apr 2013.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Web.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1 Jun 2013.</em><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan,_Lady_of_Wales"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;"><span style="color: blue;">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan,_Lady_of_Wales</span></span></a><span class="sculpture1"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;"><em>
<o:p></o:p></em></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;">
<span class="sculpture1"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;">Statue<em>
</em>of Gerald of Wales<em> </em>by Henry Poole<em>.</em> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;">Photograph by Robert Freidus.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Victorian
Web.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> 8 </span></i>April 2012.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Web.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3
June 2013.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<a href="http://www.victorianweb.org/sculpture/poole/14.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.victorianweb.org/sculpture/poole/14.html</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 27pt; text-indent: -27pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">©Eileen
Cunningham, 2013<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 13pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="sourceitem" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #330000; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<br />E. Cunninghamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10093850882638921077noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462537054197231022.post-32970656086469239862013-06-02T11:20:00.001-07:002013-08-07T18:41:03.010-07:00Amanuensis Monday - Marriage Document of Sarah Fauber and John Cash - Sanford Line<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-56W14b3kaRc/UauLxC0BL3I/AAAAAAAAAdQ/cKWmx_ZVGXQ/s1600/Fauber+Marriage+Record.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-56W14b3kaRc/UauLxC0BL3I/AAAAAAAAAdQ/cKWmx_ZVGXQ/s640/Fauber+Marriage+Record.jpg" width="514" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 248, 243); line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 21pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"><span class="dtlData datetext" id="datePI">November, 1824</span> , <span class="dtlData locationtext" id="locationPI">Augusta County, Virginia</span> </span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Bell MT","serif"; font-size: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Know all men by these Presents, That we John Cash and Thomas
Cash and Jacob Seig are held and firmly bound to James Pleasants, Governor of
Virginia and his successors, for use of the Commonwealth, in the sum of one
hundred and fifty dollars, to which payment well and truly to be made, we bind
ourselves, our heirs, executors and administrators, jointly and severally,
firmly by these presents.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sealed with
our seals this 15<sup>th</sup> day of November A.D. 1824.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 248, 243); line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 21pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Bell MT","serif"; font-size: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The condition of the
above obligation is such that whereas a marriage is shortly intended to be
solemnized between the above bound John Cash son of [indistinguishable]Thomas and Sarah Fauber
of Augusta County; if therefore there shall be no lawful cause to obstruct the
said marriage, then the above obligation to be void, otherwise to remain in
full force and virtue <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 248, 243); line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Bell MT","serif"; font-size: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Signed, Sealed, and
Delivered in the presence of:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 248, 243); line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Bell MT","serif"; font-size: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">John Cash,
Jefferson Kinney, and Thomas Cash, and Jacob Sieg<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 248, 243); line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 21pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Bell MT","serif"; font-size: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><strong>Notes:<o:p></o:p></strong></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 248, 243); line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Bell MT","serif"; font-size: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jacob Sieg lived in Greenville, Augusta, Virginia, and appears in
the 1820 census.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Bell MT","serif"; font-size: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 248, 243); line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Bell MT","serif"; font-size: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jefferson Kinney (b. 1805) lived in Augusta County, Virginia, and
appears in the 1860 census.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 248, 243); line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Bell MT","serif"; font-size: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Bell MT","serif"; font-size: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span> </div>
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/geneabloggers.com">http:geneabloggers.com</a>E. Cunninghamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10093850882638921077noreply@blogger.com0