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Llywellyn the Great ap Iowrth
Prince of Gwynedd |
Take a peek at
the life of Llywelyn ab Iorworth (1172-1240) and you will see the High Middle
Ages themselves.
Known to history as
Llywellyn Fawr (Llywelyn the Great), Prince of Gwynedd, Llywelyn was not only
a man of his times, but a man for his times.
His father, Iorworth, had been one of nineteen sons of Owain Gwynedd, king
of Gwynedd, the northwestern-most point of Wales (see map below).
When Owain died, his sons fell to fighting,
and the two sons of Owain’s second wife—Dafydd (David) and
Rhodri—triumphed through treachery and cruelty.
Iorworth was driven out of Wales and died at the age of 22. Llywelyn was just a tot at the time, and his
story is the story of the recovery of his grandfather’s kingdom—and then some,
battling Anglo-Norman kings and becoming embroiled in all the big events of his
day.
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| Wales, c. 1271, after the reign of Llywelyn the Great |
And
that is why his life can be viewed as a microcosm of medieval Europe.
Let’s
start with geography, not the most thrilling subject to most Americans, but
looking at it from Llywelyn’s point of view, you’ve got to know (a) where your
kingdom is, (b) where your enemy is, (c) where your ally is, and (d)
where those pesky “Normans” are (they had been English kings and earls for a
hundred years now, but to the Welsh, they were still French).
So, Llywelyn’s homeland was Gwynedd
(Note: in Welsh, dd is pronounced as th).
Throughout most of the medieval period, there was no king of Wales as
such, just princes (sometimes they called themselves kings) of the various principalities. Thus, Llywellyn was the prince of Gwynedd.
His
nearest enemy would have been in the principality just to the east, Powys (in
gray). Over the years, he had a
number of altercations with the ruler of Powys, and finally annexed southern Powys to his own
kingdom—which is one of the reasons they call him “the Great.”
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| Ranulf de Blondeville, Earl of Chester |
One of his chief allies would have been in Scotland. In fact, he married one of his natural
daughters, Elen the Younger (not to be confused with her older sister, Elen the
Elder), to an earl of Fife. In addition, depending on
the year, he also found an ally in the English county of Chester, where the
Norman earl, Ranulf de Blondeville, could be counted on. (Note to the Gards: Believe it or not, Ranulf, or more specifically his sister, is an ancestor on the paternal side of our family!)
And, last,
the pesky “Normans” were all about: two kings of England—King John (the “evil”
brother of Richard the Lionhearted), who, by the way, was the father of
Llywelyn’s wife (it gets complicated); and King Henry III (the two came to blows
in the 1230s).
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| King John of England |
But
there were other Anglo-Normans roaming around Wales.
Earl Ranulf has been mentioned already (fortunately, they were
on friendly terms), but there was another guy named Hubert de Burgh. Hubert (or, as he would probably have said it, "oo-BEAR") was the earl of Kent, but he seems not to have
spent much time in Kent, which is completely on the other side of the isle and
much to the southeast. Rather, he seems always
to have been romping around on the king’s errands, most of which took him to
Wales, where he probably headquartered at Montgomery Castle, which the king had given to him for his services.
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Purple Diamond
"Gem of Power" |
Again,
this relationship gives us another glimpse of medieval life because a person who was
your enemy one day would be your friend the next and vice versa. It all depended on how the winds were
shifting in London or Edinburgh or Rome.
So, Hubert was an erstwhile enemy, but at one point got himself in big
trouble with the king because he had “furtively removed from the royal
treasury a gem which made its wearer invincible in battle and had bestowed it
upon his sovereign's enemy”—our man, Llywelyn the Great!
End of Part 1.
Sources:
Collings,
Michael R. Gem Lore: An Introduction to Precious and Semi-Precious Stones. 2nd ed. (Available on Google Books)
“Llywelyn
ab Iorwerth.” Dictionary of National Biography.
12:7.
(Available on Google Books)
“Llywelyn the
Great.” Wikipedia. 24 May 2013.
Web. 1 Jun 2013.
“Ranulf de Blondeville, 6th Earl of Chester.” Wikipedia.
8 May 2013. Web. 1 Jun 2013.
Images:
Map
of 13th-Century Wales. “Llywelyn the Great.” Wikipedia.
24 May 2013. Web. 1 Jun 2013.
